The air compression vehicle (CAV) is a transport mechanism driven by a pressurized atmospheric gas tank and driven by the release and expansion of gas within the Pneumatic motor. CAV has found applications in torpedoes, locomotives used in tunnel excavations, and early prototype submarines. The potential for environmental benefits has generated public interest in CAV as passenger cars, but they have not been competitive due to low compressed air density and the inefficiency of compression/expansion processes.
Compressed air propulsion can also be incorporated in hybrid systems, such as with battery electric propulsion. Such a system is called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. In addition, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.
Video Compressed-air vehicle
Tank
The tank shall be designed for appropriate safety standards for pressurized vessels, such as ISO 11439.
Storage tanks may be made of metal or composite materials. Fiber materials are much lighter than metal but are generally more expensive. Metal tanks can withstand a large number of pressure cycles, but should be checked for corrosion at regular intervals.
One company stores air in a tank with 4,500 pounds per square inch (about 30 MPa) and holds nearly 3,200 cubic feet (about 90 cubic meters) of air.
Tanks can be recharged at service stations equipped with heat exchangers, or within hours at home or in the parking lot, inserting the car into the electrical grid via an on-board compressor. The cost of driving the car is usually projected around EUR0.75 per 100 km, with a complete refill at the "tank station" of about US $ 3.
Maps Compressed-air vehicle
Compressed air
Compressed air has a low energy density. In 300 bar containers, about 0.1 MJ/L and 0.1 MJ/kg can be achieved, proportional to the values ​​of electrochemical lead-acid batteries. While batteries can somewhat maintain their voltage across the discharge and chemical fuel tanks provide the same power density from the first to the last liter, compressed air tank pressure falls as air is drawn. Consumer-sized cars with conventional sizes and shapes typically consume 0.3-0.5 kWh (1.1-1.8 MJ) on the drive shaft per mile of use, although unconventional sizes can work very less.
Emissions output
Like other non-burning energy storage technologies, air vehicles replace the source of emissions from the tail pipe of the vehicle to a central power plant. If low emission sources are available, the production of cleaner pollutants can be reduced. Emission control measures at the central power station may be more cost-effective and less costly than widespread emissions of vehicles.
Since compressed air is filtered to protect the compressor engine, the exhaust air has less dust suspended in it, although there may be a carry over lubricant used in the engine. The car works when the gas expands.
History
Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power locomotives and mine trams in cities such as Paris (through centralized air distribution systems, city level, compression rates), and formerly a base for naval torpedo propulsion.
During the construction of Gotthardbahn from 1872 to 1882, pneumatic locomotives were used in the construction of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel and other Gotthardbahn tunnels.
In 1903, the Air Liquid Company located in London England produced a number of pressurized air and liquid air cars. The main problem with these cars and all the pressurized cars is the lack of torque generated by the "engine" and the cost of compressed air.
Since 2010, several companies have begun developing compressed air cars including hybrid types that also include gas-driven engines; nothing has been released to the public, or has been tested by a third party.
Benefits
Compressed air vehicles are comparable in many ways to electric vehicles, but use compressed air to store energy, not batteries. Their potential benefits over other vehicles include:
- Just like an electric vehicle, an air-powered vehicle will eventually be powered over the power grid. That makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from a single source, compared to millions of vehicles on the road.
- Fuel transport will not be necessary as it draws power from the power grid. This presents significant cost benefits. The pollution created during transportation of fuel will be removed.
- Air compression technology reduces vehicle production costs by about 20%, as there is no need to build cooling systems, fuel tanks, ignition systems or soundproofing.
- Machines can be reduced in size on a large scale.
- The engine runs in cold or warm air, so it can be made from lightweight materials with lower strengths such as aluminum, plastic, low friction teflon or a combination.
- Low maintenance and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance. â € <â € <
- Air-pressurized tanks can be disposed or recycled with less pollution than batteries.
- The compressed air vehicle is not limited by the degradation problems associated with the current battery system.
- Air tanks can be recharged more frequently and in less than rechargeable batteries, with refilling rates comparable to liquid fuels.
- Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower maintenance costs.
- The price to charge an air-powered vehicle is significantly cheaper than gasoline, diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressed air will also be relatively cheap.
Loss
The main disadvantage is the use of indirect energy. Energy is used to compress the air, which - in turn - provides energy to run the motor. Any energy conversion between forms generates a loss. For conventional combustion engine cars, energy is lost when the oil is converted into usable fuel - including drilling, refinement, labor, storage, ultimately transporting to the end user. For a pressurized car, energy is lost when the electrical energy is converted into compressed air, and when fuel, whether coal, natural gas or nuclear, is burned to drive an electric generator.
- As the air expands, as in the engine, it cools dramatically (Charles's law) and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger similar to the Intercooler used for internal combustion engines. Warming is necessary to get a significant fraction of theoretical energy output. The heat exchanger can be problematic. While performing the same task as the Intercooler, the temperature difference between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the device becomes very cold and can become ice in a cool and wet climate.
- Recharging pressurized air containers using a home air compressor or low-end air compressor can take 4 hours, while special equipment at service stations can fill the tank in just 3 minutes.
- The tank gets very hot when filled up quickly. SCUBA tank is sometimes soaked in water to cool it while it is being charged. It is not possible with the tank in the car and thus will take a long time to fill the tank, or they should take less than the full charge, because the heat pushes the pressure. However, if it is well insulated, such as the Dewar pumpkin design (vacuum), the heat will not go away but is used when the car is running.
- Initial tests have shown limited tank storage capacity; the only test published from vehicles running in compressed air alone is limited to the range of 7.22 km (4 mi).
- A study in 2005 showed that cars using lithium-ion batteries had better performance than compressed air vehicles and fuel cells more than tripled at the same rate. MDI recently claimed that the air car will be able to travel 140 km (87 mi) in urban driving, and has a range of 80 km (50 mi) with a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph) on the highway, while operating on compressed air only.
Possible improvements
The compressed air vehicle operates according to the thermodynamic process because the air becomes cool when it expands and heats up when compressed. Since it is impractical to use theoretically the ideal process, the loss occurs and the increase may involve this reduction, for example, by using a large heat exchanger to use heat from the surrounding air and at the same time providing air cooling in the passenger compartment. At the other end, the heat generated during compression can be stored in a water system, physical or chemical system and reused later.
It is possible to store compressed air at low pressure using absorption material in the tank. Absorbable materials such as activated carbon, or metal organic frameworks are used to store compressed natural gas at 500 psi instead of 4500 psi, resulting in substantial energy savings.
Vehicles
Production car
Some companies are investigating and producing prototypes including hybrid-air/gasoline-burning hybrid vehicles. Until August 2017, no developers have entered into production, although Tata has indicated they will start selling vehicles from 2020 and US MDI distributors, Zero Pollution Motors says AIRPod production will start in Europe by 2018.
Experimental cars and bikes
In 2008, an air-powered and pressurized natural gas vehicle designed by engineering students at Deakin University in Australia was a joint winner of the Ford Motor Company T2 competition to produce cars with a range of 200 km and cost less than $ 7,000.
The Australian company, Engineer has produced a number of types of vehicles - mopeds, small cars, small carriers, go-carts - around a rotary pressurized engine made by Angelo Di Pietro. Companies are looking for partners to use their machines. [2]
A pressurized air-powered motor, called Green Speed ​​Air Powered Motorcycle is made by Edwin Yi Yuan, based on Suzuki GP100 and using a compressed machine Angelo Di Pietro.
Three mechanical engineering students from San Jose State University; Daniel Mekis, Dennis Schaaf and Andrew Merovich, designed and built a bicycle that runs in compressed air. The total cost of prototypes is under $ 1000 and is sponsored by Sunshops (on Boardwalk in Santa Cruz, California) and NO DIG NO RIDE (from Aptos, California.). The top speed of its maiden voyage in May 2009 was 23 mph https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBeky4EuyBc. While their design is simple (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBeky4EuyBc), these three pioneers of compressed air-powered vehicles helped pave the way for French automotive manufacturer Peugeot Citreon to create new air-powered hybrids. The 'Hybrid Air' system uses compressed air to drive the wheels of the car while driving below 43 mph. Peugeot says the new hybrid system must reach up to 141 miles per gallon of gas. The model should be launched in early 2016. http://screen.yahoo.com/hybrid-car-runs-air-001013615.html. The project chief left Peugeot in 2014 and in 2015 the company said that they could not find a partner to share development costs, which effectively ended the project..
"Ku: Rin" was named a three-wheeled vehicle compressed by the air created by Toyota in 2011. The specialty of this vehicle has been a record high 129.2 km/h (80 mph) even if it has a machine that uses only compressed air. This car was developed by the company "Dream car workshop". The car is dubbed the "sleek rocket", or "pencil-shaped rocket".
As part of the Planet Mechanics TV show, Jem Stansfield and Dick Strawbridge transformed a regular scooter into compressed air mopeds. This has been done by equipping the scooter with a compressed air machine and an air tank.
In 2010, Honda presented the concept of a Honda Air car at the LA Auto Show.
Trains, Trams, Boats and Aircraft
The compressed locomotive is a kind of non-windy locomotive and has been used in tunnel mining and drilling.
Air-powered trams were piloted, beginning in 1876. In Nantes and Paris the tram operated regularly for 30 years.
Currently, no water or air vehicles use pressurized air engines. Historically, certain torpedoes were driven by pressurized air machines.
See also
References
External links
- Air Powered Car in HowStuffWorks
- Study: "Air Hybrids" Generate Fuel Savings (Society of Automotive Engineers)
- Hydraulic Hybrid Research (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
- OSEN page on Compressed Air Technology
- History of air-compressed vehicles
- Photo of Liquid Air Company 1903
- Regusci Air, official web of Armando Regusci
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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