Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) coaches are the passenger coaches of Indian Railways that have been developed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of Germany (renamed Alstom LHB GmbH in 1998 after the takeover by Alstom and mostly produced by Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala, India. They have been used since 2000 on the broad gauge (1676 mm) network of Indian railways. Initially, 24 air conditioned coaches were imported from Germany for use in the Shatabdi Expresses, after which the Rail Coach Factory started manufacturing after technology transfer.
The coaches are designed for an operating speed up to 160 km/h and could go up to 200 km/h. However, they have been tested up to 180 km/h. Their length of 23.54 m and a width of 3.24 m means a higher passenger capacity, compared to conventional rakes (US: consists). The tare weight of the AC chair car was weighed as 39.5 tonnes. They are considered to be "anti-telescopic", which means they do not get turned over or flip in case of a collision (chiefly head-on). These coaches are made of stainless steel and the interiors are made of aluminium which make them lighter as compared to conventional rakes. Each coach also has an "advanced pneumatic disc brake system" for efficient braking at higher speeds, "modular interiors" that integrate lighting into ceiling and luggage racks with wider windows. The improved suspension system of LHB coaches ensures more riding comfort for the passengers compared to conventional rakes. The air conditioning system of the LHB coaches is of higher capacity compared to the older rakes and is controlled by a microprocessor which is said to give passengers better comfort than the older coaches during summer and winter seasons. They are relatively quieter as each coach produces a maximum noise level of 60 decibels while conventional coaches can produce 100 decibels.
Each LHB coach costs between INR 15 million to 20 million, whereas the power car which houses a generator costs about 30 million.In 2016, after two accidents IR declared all ICF coaches will be replaced by LHB coaches to provide more safety and comfort.
Video LHB coaches
History
During 1993-94, Indian Railways decided to look for a passenger coach design which would be lighter and capable of higher speeds compared to their existing rakes. The main features of the Railways' specification were high speed light weight coaches to run on the present infrastructure of the Indian Railways, i.e. the railway, track and environmental conditions in India at an operating speed of 160 km/h. It was decided by the Railways that the design would first be tried in the Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala (RCF), and upon successful completion of this trial, it would be tried in the Integral Coach Factory in Perambur.
In 1995, after a global selection process, Alstom-LHB received the order from Indian Railways to design and develop a new passenger coach under a transfer of technology agreement. As part of the order, Alstom-LHB had to execute two contracts, one for the supply of "Light Weight High Speed Coaches for Broad Gauge" which includes the development, design and manufacture of 19 AC 2nd Class Chair Cars, 2 AC Executive Class Chair Cars and 3 Generator-cum-Brake vans and the other contract for the "Technology Transfer" which includes the transfer of technology for design and manufacturing, the training of Indian Railways personnel in the premises of the manufacturer and the technical assistance at RCF during the start of production.
Out of the 24 coaches imported from Germany, all of them mostly being Air Conditioned chair cars, the first lot were used for New Delhi-Lucknow Shatabdi Express on a trial basis. It didn't turn out be successful as the coaches' wide windows were targets of mischief and stone-pelting. Railways had to use sealing tapes to tape up the bruised windows. When these rakes were brought into service, couplers came unstuck and the data collected from the passenger feedback showed that the air conditioning was not "very effective". They were withdrawn from service and after attending to the problems, Railways reintroduced them on the New Delhi-Lucknow Shatabdi Express and proved successful.
The RCF began to manufacture other variants of LHB design like the air conditioned first class, AC 2 tier sleeper, AC 3 tier sleeper, hot buffet (pantry) car etc., from 2001 to 2002, and rolled out its first rake in December 2002. The first such rake was introduced for Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express in December, 2003. Up to March 2011, 997 LHB coaches were produced by the RCF. All of these coaches are being used in premier super fast express trains like Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto Express and have been offering better passenger comfort. Soon, all the Duronto trains will be equipped with LHB coaches.
Maps LHB coaches
Usage
Indian Railways have decided to replace the conventional air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned Integral Coach Factory made coaches with the LHB coaches in all the trains. Presently LHB coaches are seen mostly in premium trains such as Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Duronto Express, Double Decker Express, Tejas Express, Antyodaya Express & Humsafar Express and the fastest train of India the Gatimaan Express owing to high cost of manufacture but gradually all trains will have LHB coaches. The trains which were converted into LHB rakes are mentioned below (Zone wise):-
Central Railway (CR): Anandwan Express, Kamayani Express, Kushinagar Express, Lokmanya Express, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Hazur Sahib Nanded Express, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Karaikal Weekly Express, Samarsata Express
Eastern Railway (ER): Akal Takht Express, Ananya Express, Durgiana Express,Jallianwalla Bagh Express, Howrah - Anand Vihar Superfast Express, Kolkata Agra Cantonment Superfast Express, Kolkata - Ghazipur City Weekly Express, Kolkata - Jaynagar Weekly Express, Poorva Express, Shabd Bhedi SF Express, Vikramshila Express, West Bengal Sampark Kranti
East Coast Railway (ECoR): Bhubaneswar - Anand Vihar Weekly SF Express ( has hybrid LHB coaches), Howrah - Puri Weekly SF Express, Puri - Ahmedabad Weekly Express, Purushottam Express
East Central Railway (ECR): Archana Express, Gaya - Chennai Egmore Weekly SF Express,Mahabodhi Express, Swatantra Sainani Superfast Express, Sampoorna Kranti Express, Ziyarat Express, New Tinsukia - Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express, Danapur - Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express
Northern Railway (NR): Chandigarh Amritsar Intercity Express, Indore - Delhi Sarai Rohilla Intercity Express, Kaifiyat Express, Lucknow Mail, Shan-e-Punjab Express, Taj Express, Ghazipur City - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Weekly Express,
North Central Railway (NCR): Prayagraj Express
North Eastern Railway (NER): Gorakhpur - Yesvantpur Express (via Faizabad), Gorakhpur - Yesvantpur Express (via Gonda), Shiv Ganga Express, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Darbhanga Pawan Express, Gorakhpur Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express ( has hybrid LHB coaches)
Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR): Bhagat Ki Kothi - Kamakhya Express, Kamakhya - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express
Southern Railway (SR): Bikaner - Kochuveli Express, Chennai Central - Mangaluru Central SF Express, Thiruvananthapuram Mail, Cholan Express, Pandian Express, Rockfort Express, Cheran Express
Southern Central Railway (SCR): Ajmer-Hyderabad Meenakshi Express, Vijayawada - Dharmavaram Express, Secunderabad-Vijayawada Intercity Express, Hundry Express, Bidar - Hyderabad Intercity Express, Hyderabad-Sirpur Kaghaznagar Intercity Express, Rayalaseema Express
South Eastern Railway (SER): Howrah Mumbai Superfast Express, Sainagar Shirdi-Howrah Express, Santragachi - Anand Vihar Superfast Express, Shalimar - Visakhapatnam Weekly Superfast Express, Hatia - Bangalore Cantonment Express
South East Central Railway (SECR): Bhagat Ki Kothi - Bilaspur Express, Bilaspur - Bikaner Express
Southern Western Railway (SWR): Anga Express, Yesvantpur Ahmedabad Weekly Express,Yesvantpur - Kannur Express,Yesvantpur - Chennai Central Superfast Express
Western Railway (WR): Ashram Express, Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express,Gujarat Mail, Indore-Yesvantpur Express, Indore - Guwahati Weekly Express, Karnavati Express,Kochuveli - Indore Weekly Express, Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express, Bandra Terminus - Bhagat Ki Kothi Express, Bandra Terminus - Ghazipur City Weekly Express, Bandra Terminus - Mahuva Express, Bandra Terminus - Mahuva Superfast Express, Bandra Terminus Palitana Express, Bandra Terminus - Patna Weekly Express, Bandra Terminus - Veraval Superfast Express
Bangladesh Railway (BR): Maitree Express, Padma Express, Shirajganj Express, Sonar Bangla Express, Kopothaka Express, Dhumketu Express, Silkcity Express, Chitra Express, Sunderban Express, Sagardari Express, Bandhan Express
Production
Annual production of LHB coaches is around 400 per year for year 2013-2014.
- During 2010-11, RCF Kapurthala produced 300 coaches. During 2012-13, the total number of coaches that were produced was 1680, while in 2013-14, RCF was able to increase the production to 1701 coaches.
- During 2013-14, Integral Coach Factory produced 25 LHB coaches. It plans to increase its manufacturing capacity of LHB coaches. It has set a target to manufacture 300 LHB coaches in 2014-15 and reach a capacity of 1000 LHB coaches by 2016-17.
- The planned capacity of Rail Coach Factory, Raebareli is 1000 LHB coaches per year. The plant is yet to become fully operational.
- A rail coach factory has been sanctioned at Palakkad, Kerala in public private partnership mode for production of LHB coaches. Once completed, this factory would produce 400 coaches annually.
- Rail coach factory is sanctioned by government and is to be set up at Kolar, Karnataka in February 2014. The planned capacity of this plant is 500 LHB coaches per year for phase-1 and additional capacity of 500 coaches per year in phase-2.
Types
- LGS = Second class self-generating
- LS = Second class non self-generating
- LS3 = Second class non self-generating
- LS4 = Second class non self-generating General Seating
- LSCN = Second class 3-tier sleeper
- LWACCW = AC2 Air-conditioned 2-tier sleeping-car (52 berths)
- LWACCN = AC3 Air-conditioned 3-tier sleeping-car (72 berths)
- LWCBAC = Air-conditioned pantry/kitchen/buffet car
- LWFAC = AC1 Air-conditioned first class sleeping-car (24 berths)
- LWFCWAC = Composite coach with air-conditioned AC1 sleeping-compartments and AC2 2-tier sleeping-compartments
- LWFCZAC = Air-conditioned executive chair car (56 seats)
- LWLRRM = Luggage/generator/brake van
- LWSCN = 3-tier Sleeper for 80 passengers
- LWSCZAC = Air-conditioned chair car (78 seats)
- LWSCZ = Chair car
Technical details
Bogies
The FIAT-SIG bogie is a welded H frame type based on the Eurofima standard. The wheel base is 2560 mm, the wheel diameter new 915 mm and at maximum wear 845 mm. Main features of the bogie are primary suspension with articulated arms and coil springs, secondary suspension of integral flexicoil type with coil springs and rubber pads on top and bottom, anti-roll bar, vertical and transverse shock absorbers and anti-hunting dampers. For braking on each axle two disc brakes with 640 mm diameter, brake cylinders and automatic slack adjuster are provided.
Couplers
The automatic center buffer coupler of AAR tight lock type at the coach end has a support frame which provides an anti-climbing protection. The coupler can be opened from the side by a lever. The design allows the use of screw coupler instead of center buffer coupler. Therefore a fixing plate for buffers is also provided. The inter-vehicle coupler for the supply of the 750 V from the generator car is located below the under-frame. Due to the moving situation 4 brake hoses are to be used at the coach end which are brought to two hoses behind the coupler.
Air conditioning
Each coach is equipped with two compact roof-mounted air-conditioning units which have a cooling capacity of approximately 2x22.5 KW and a heating capacity of 2x6 KW and which are controlled by a microprocessor. The operating voltage of the unit is 3 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz. Each unit has 2 refrigerant circuits with hermetic refrigerant compressors, condensers with Copper pipes and Aluminum fins, evaporators and condenser fans.
The fresh air comes in through the air inlet of the AC unit. The conditioned air is transported in heat insulated aluminum ducts mounted below the roof and distributed through the perforated ceiling into the passenger room. The return air flows back through openings above the compartment door to the AC unit. The entrance area, toilets and pantry are connected to the exhaust air system.
Doors
The entrance doors are made of the same steel as the car body shell. They are flush with the sidewall to allow easy car-washing. Two handholds and three fixed steps are provided to enter the coach. The door inward opening to the entrance area is covered from inside with a FRP panel. Above the door is an entrance light. The entrance steps are closed by a foldable cover. An inside handhold allows easy entry and exit. An ashtray is also provided.
Water supply and disposal
There are two connected fresh water tanks, which are made of stainless steel, with a total capacity of 1370 liters for the 3 toilets. The water level is indicated on one tank on each side. The filling can be made from both sides by one filler for both tanks. Three intermediate water tanks, each with a capacity of 30 liters, made out of stainless steel are located above the toilets. Two centrifugal pumps located in a stainless steel casing at the under frame supply the water to the tanks. One of the 415 V pumps is always kept running, while the other is kept on standby. After each switch off the other pump will work.
Below each toilet, a 40 litre waste water tank is provided in which toilet waste is collected when the coach is at standstill. It gets opened with a pneumatically operated sliding valve when a defined speed is reached. The junction box for the inter-vehicle coupler is visible.
Toilets
The coaches are equipped with "controlled discharge toilet system" (CDTS). By the means of this system, a toilet in the coach would become functional only when the speed of the coach crosses 30 kmph, which is said to help in avoiding the soiling of the track at the railway stations. Later on, CDTS was discarded for an environmental friendly alternative, "Bio-Toilet", designed in collaboration with DRDO. Both eastern (squat) and western styles of toilets are provided. One side of the toilet is provided with a wash basin with water tap and sensor button, a soap dispenser, a mirror, an ash tray and a waste bin. On the other side there is the toilet itself, a water tap with mug, a handhold, the toilet paper holder and the sensor button for the toilet flush. The window in the toilet can be opened in the upper half. The toilet doors are of folding type to use the available space to an optimum.
Pantry
Each vehicle is equipped with a pantry for storing cold and hot meals which are to be served to the passengers at their seats. In the gangway between the passenger room door and the entrance is on one side the pantry and on the other side the storage area. The pantry is closed by a double leaf sliding door and the storage area by roller shutters. On the left side, a 15 litre water boiler, an 11 litre soup-warmer, a sink, and racks are provided. The other side is equipped with three hot cases, the bottle cooler, the refrigerator and the deep freezer for the 78 passengers. The storage area gives space for racks and also for the serving trolley.
Other equipment
On the outside wall of the toilet a waste bin and a fire extinguisher are located. The fire extinguisher on the power panel end is filled with carbon dioxide, the one on the other end with water. The vestibule is of UIC rubber type. The vestibule door is a double leaf stainless steel sliding door. On the left side the socket of the local 415 V supply is located. A 60 kVA transformer with copper winding transforms the power given by the generator car from 750 V to 415 V. All brake control equipment is centrally not at all located in a brake container. A main brake pressure reservoir of 125 litres and a service pressure reservoir of 75 litres are provided.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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