Clonidine (trade names Catapres , Kapvay , Nexiclon , Clophelin , and more) is a drug used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, tic disorder, withdrawal (whether from alcohol, opioid, or smoking), migraine, menopausal menopause, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions. It is classified as a center of action? 2 adrenergic agonists and imidazoline receptor agonists that have been used clinically since 1966.
Video Clonidine
Medical use
Clonidine was introduced in 1966. It was first used as a treatment of hypertension under the trade name Catapres. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved clonidine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), under the tradename Kapvay itself or with stimulants in 2010, for pediatric patients aged 6-17 years. It was then approved for adults. In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by TGA. Clonidine along with methylphenidate has been studied for the treatment of ADHD . Although not as effective as methylphenidate in treating ADHD, Clonidine does offer some benefits; it can also be useful in combination with stimulant medications. Some studies show clonidine is more soothing than guanfacine, which may be better at bedtime along with stimulating stimulants in the morning. Clonidine can be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (especially for tics).
Clonidine can be used to relieve withdrawal symptoms associated with long-term use of narcotics, alcohol, benzodiazepines and nicotine (smoking). This can relieve opioid withdrawal symptoms by reducing the responses of the sympathetic nervous system such as tachycardia and hypertension, as well as reducing perspiration, heat and cold, and general anxiety. It may also help in helping smokers to quit smoking. Sedation effects are also useful. However, its side effects may include insomnia, thus exacerbating features of common opioid withdrawal.
Clonidine also has some off-label use, and has been prescribed to treat psychiatric disorders including stress, sleep disorders, and hyperarousal caused by post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and other anxiety disorders. Clonidine is also a mild sedative, and may be used as premedication prior to surgery or procedure. The use of epidurals for pain during heart attacks, postoperative pain and stubbornness has also been studied extensively. Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare cases of dexmedetomidine withdrawal. Clonidine can be used in restless legs syndrome. It can also be used to treat redness in the face and redness associated with rosacea. It has also been successfully used topically in clinical trials as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy. Clonidine can also be used for migraine headaches and hot flashes associated with menopause. Clonidine has also been used to treat diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome, fecal incontinence, diabetes, associated withdrawal diarrhea, bowel failure, neuroendocrine tumors and cholera.
Clonidine suppression test
The Clonidine effect on reducing norepinephrine circulation by central mechanisms was used in the past as an investigative test for phaeochromocytoma, which is a catecholamine-synthesis tumor, usually of the adrenal medulla. In the clonidine emphasis test plasma catecholamine levels were measured before and 3 hours after the 0.3 mg dose oral test had been administered to the patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.
Pregnancy
Clonidine is classified by the FDA as the category of pregnancy C. It is classified by TGA Australia as the category of B3 pregnancy, which means that it has shown some adverse effects on fetal development in animal studies, although this relevance to humans is unknown.. Clonidine may enter breast milk and may harm breastfed infants; attention is given to women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.
Maps Clonidine
Adverse effects
The main adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).
Adverse effects by frequency
Very common (& gt: 10% frequency):
General (1-10% frequency):
Uncommon (frequency 0.1-1%):
Rare (& lt; 0.1% frequency):
Withdrawal
Clonidine suppresses sympathetic flow resulting in lower blood pressure, but sudden termination can lead to rebound hypertension due to sympathetic flow rebound.
Clonidine therapy generally has to gradually taper off when stopping therapy to avoid a rebounding effect from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases, alpha and beta blockers for more immediate situations. Beta blockers should not be used alone to treat withdrawal of clonidine because alpha vasoconstriction will continue.
Action mechanism
Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating the 2 receptor in the brain, which lowers peripheral vascular resistance, lowers blood pressure. It has a peculiarity to presynaptic prescription? 2 at the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This binding lowers the presinaptic calcium level, thus inhibiting the release of norepinephrine (NE). The net effect is a decrease in sympathetic tones.
It has also been proposed that the antihypertensive effect of clonidine is due to the agonist at the receptor I 1 (imidazoline receptor), which mediates the actions of imidazoline sympathetic inhibition to lower blood pressure.
The mechanism of action in the treatment of ADHD is to increase the noradrenergic tone in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) directly by binding to the postsinaptic receptor? 2A is adrenergic and indirectly by increasing norepinephrine input from the coeruleus locus.
Brand name
Until June 2017, clonidine marketed under many brand names around the world: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, clonidine, Clonidina, ClonidinÃÆ' Â £, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini, Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistini, Clonnirit, Clophigen, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hipodin, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and Winpress. It was marketed as a combination drug with chlortalidone as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres, and in combination with bendroflumethiazide as Pertenso.
References
External links
- US. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Clonidine
- Alpha-2 agonist in ADHD
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments