Empress Xiaozhenxian (Manchu: Hiyoo ungga jekdun iletu H? wangheo ; August 12, 1837 - April 8, 1881), better known as Empress Dowager Ci'an (Manchu: Hiyoo? ungga Jekdun Iletu H? wanghu ) and informally as Empress Empress East ( ??? ; ??? ; d? ng tÃÆ' ihÃÆ'²u ), was queen consort of Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing dynasty in China. He became Queen Mother after 1861 and served as a bupati for about 20 years for Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu together with his partner, Empress Mother Cixi.
Video Empress Dowager Ci'an
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Empress Xiaozhenxian was born in the Niohuru clan, one of the eight most prominent Manchu clans in the Qing dynasty. His family is under the Yellow Banner. He is a descendant of Eidu (1562-1622), one of the five generals who served under Nurhaci (founder of the Qing dynasty), through Eidu's third son, Celge (died 1647).
Lady Niohuru's great-grandfather, Fukejing'a (????), served as a management official in Xining and held the title of a baron. His grandfather, Cebutan (???; died 1794), served as second rank commander in Shanxi Province and also held the title of a baron. His father, Muyangga (died before 1852), served as an official in Guangxi Province and holds a third class title of dengue cheng'en. Muyangga's main companion is the grandson of Qingheng (died 1779), the great-grandson of Nurhaci, but Lady Giyang (??), concubine Muyangga, who is the mother's mother of Niohuru. His brother, Guangke (died of 1880), served as a general in Hangzhou. Her aunt was married to Duanhua (Prince Zheng), a noble adviser and near Emperor Xianfeng.
Maps Empress Dowager Ci'an
Entering the imperial harem
Lady Niohuru was born in 1837 during the reign of Emperor Daoguang. When Emperor Daoguang died on February 15, 1850, his fourth son, Yizhu, succeeded him and was known as Emperor Xianfeng. Empress Emperor Xianfeng had died a month before the emperor's coronation and was posthumously crowned as "Queen Xiaodexian". The process of choosing a new prime empress to be empress Xianfeng emperor, however, was delayed for two years due to a period of mourning for Emperor Daoguang.
The audition for the emperor Xianfeng emperor took place in 1852 in the Forbidden City. Lady Niohuru was one of the candidates elected by Mayor Kangci, the supreme wife of Emperor Daoguang at the time. However, some sources claim that Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City in the late 1840s and became the concubine of Emperor Xianfeng, who is still known as the Fourth Prince then.
As empress Xianfeng Emperor
Lady Niohuru's status inside the palace increased rapidly. In late March or early April 1852, he was given the rank of Imperial Concubine as "Imperial Concubine Zhen" ("Zhen" meaning "upright," "holy," "virtuous," or "faithful to the memory of one's husband" , ie, by remaining holy after his death and not remarrying.In late June or early July 1852, he was promoted to Noble Consort and was known as the "Noble Consort Zhen" (On July 24, 1852, he was officially designated as As Empress, she was assigned to the emperor's harem, some sources claiming that Lady Niohuru had been established as the main pair of Emperor Xianfeng after the death of her predecessor, Queen Xiaodexian.
Imperial habits require the emperor to spend a day a month with the empress. Lady Niohuru still has no children. On April 27, 1856, one of the empresses of Emperor Xianfeng, Imperial Concubine Yi (later Empress Dowager Cixi), gave birth to the emperor of a son, Zaichun. Some biographers mention that Lady Niohuru gave birth to the only daughter of Emperor Xianfeng, Gulun Princess Rong'an, who was actually born from Consort Li. However, as the Empress, Lady Niohuru is nominally the mother of all the children of Emperor Xianfeng, regardless of whether she is their biological mother or not. As a result, Mrs. Niohuru raised the children of Emperor Xianfeng and decided on their punishment when they disobeyed her. The Empress Dowager Cixi (then Imperial Concubine Yi) does not say much about her son's care. He once remembered, "I... pretty much trouble with (Empress) and it's very difficult to have a good relationship with her."
As co-regent for Emperor Tongzhi
On August 22, 1861, after the Second Opium War, Emperor Xianfeng died at the Rehe Travel Palace (239 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where he and his imperial court fled when Anglo-French troops closed in the Forbidden City. He was replaced by his only surviving son, Zaichun, who was only five years old; Zaichun was named Emperor Tongzhi. The power struggle broke out between the two factions over the issue of who should assume the district until Zaichun was mature enough to rule on his own. On his deathbed, Emperor Xianfeng has appointed his close advisor Sushun and seven others to become a bupati. However, Noble Consort Yi, the mother of Emperor Tongzhi, also wants to take over the district. Lady Niohuru initially agreed to cooperate with Sushun and her seven colleagues, but changed her mind after being persuaded by Noble Consort Yi. In November 1861, with the help of Yixin (Prince Gong), the sixth brother of Xianfeng Emperor, Lady Niohuru and Noble Consort Yi held a coup - historically known as Xinyou Coup - against eight regents and drove them out of power, thus securing control of the district.
Noble Consort Yi was promoted to the status of the Empress Dowager and was honored as "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager", a privilege for her because she never became Empress when Emperor Xianfeng was alive; she became the Empress Dowager only because she was the mother of the powerful emperor Tongzhi. He is also given the honorific name of "Cixi" (??; meaning "motherhood and luck"), then he is known as "Empress Dowager Cixi". Lady Niohuru, on the other hand, as a former Empress and the reigning emperor's mother, was also promoted to the Empress Dowager and honored as "The Empress Mother, Empress Dowager" - a title that gave her priority over the Empress Dowager Cixi - and was given the honorific name of "Ci ' an "(meaning" motherly and soothing "). Since his residence is in the eastern portion of the Forbidden City, Empress Empress Ci'an is informally referred to as the "Empress Empress East"; Queen Ms. Cixi, who lives in the west, is also informally known as the "Empress Dowager of the West". Empress Empress Ci'an spent most of her life at the Essence Collection Palace. On several occasions after 1861, Ci'an was given the additional honorific name (two Chinese characters at a time), as was customary for emperor and empress, until the end of his life his name was a long string even the character started with a Ci '.
The imperial record does not explain why there is a 24-hour difference between when Lady Niohuru and Noble Consort Yi are promoted from their original status to the same position of the Empress Dowager. According to Tony Teng, Noble Consort Yi and Sushun quarrel over honor after the death of Emperor Xianfeng. It is believed that Lady Niohuru, as Empress of the recently deceased emperor, has supported Noble Consort Yi, thus forcing Sushun to surrender.
Both dowagers of the empress were appointed with the de facto bupati for the Emperor Tongzhi. Because women were not allowed to be seen during the imperial court sessions, they had to sit behind the curtain while attending the session along with the child emperor. Although in principle he preceded Cixi, Ci'an was actually an inferiority man and rarely intervened in politics, unlike Cixi, who actually controlled the imperial palace. As the de facto ruler, Ci'an must learn about politics, so he and Cixi learn history. In November 1861, in accordance with imperial custom, they began to consult the records of their Manchu predecessors. In June 1863, they had the contents of Tong Jian Ji Lan (????) explaining to them. About a year earlier, a previous compilation by experts from the Hanlin Academy, entitled Precious Mirrors for Excellent Governance (????), became the text for a series of lectures by scholars and officials that the dowagers consort was attended during more than two years, the last lecture given in November 1866.
It is thought by many biographers that Cixi is the true power behind the throne. However, for the first 20 years in his district he was not allowed to make his own decisions. Any decision requires the approval of the two bupatis. Both Ci'an and Emperor Tongzhi were given a seal, but since the emperor was underage, the seal was given to his mother, Cixi. The Ci'an seal is carved with "Yushang" (Imperial Award) and Cixi with "Tongdaotang" (Hall of Accord with the Way).
An Dehai Case
The years after Emperor Xianfeng's death was called Tongzhi Recovery. It was a period of peace; The Taiping Rebellion and the Opium War with the British stopped. The treasury began to grow again after decades of depletion. The Empress Dowager of Ci'an was little mentioned during this period and the only important intervention in politics was in 1869. A Dehai, a palace eunuch and a maid near the Empress Dowager Empress Cixi, was traveling south to buy a set of dragon robes for Cixi.. While traveling in Shandong Province, he abused his authority by extorting money from people and causing trouble. Ding Baozhen, Governor of Shandong, reported An Dehai's deed to the imperial palace. Empress Empress Ci'an received the news about it and drew up the imperial decree as follows:
Ding Baozhen reported that a eunuch had created a disturbance in Shandong Province. According to Dezhou judge, a eunuch surnamed An and his followers passed through the place by an imperial canal, in two dragon barges, with many glamor and procession views. He announces that he came with an imperial mission to get the dragon's robe. The barges fly a black banner, carrying amid the symbols of the sun's kingdom, and there are also dragon and phoenix banners flying on both sides, from their ships. Good companies of both sexes are present in this person; there are female musicians, skilled in the use of string and wind instruments. The canal bank is filled with crowds of spectators, who watch with admiration and admiration for their progress. The 21st day last month occurred on this eunuch's birthday, so he put himself in the dragon's robe and stood on the front deck of his barge, to receive the respect of his suit. The local magistrate just ordered his arrest when the barge began sailing and proceeded southward. The governor added that he had given orders for his immediate arrest.
We were astonished at the report. How can we hope to uphold moral standards within the palace and scare the bad guys unless we set an example of this insolent eunuch, who dares to leave Beijing without permission and do this lawless act? The governors of the three provinces of Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu were instructed to seek and arrest An eunuch who we had previously respected by the sixth grade and the crow feather ornaments. Once he is recognized by his friends, let him go with his head severed, without further formality, no attention should be paid to the cunning explanation he might try to do. The concerned governors will be held liable if they fail to influence his arrest
A Dehai was beheaded on September 12, 1869. This was a very unusual reaction to Empress Dowager Empress Ci'an, and the execution of An Dehai was said to be very unpleasant to Cixi's Mother. Some sources say that Prince Gong forced Ci'an to take an independent decision for a change. A few days after the arrest a decree was issued by Ci'an:
"Ding Baozhen now reports that the eunuch was arrested in Tai'an prefecture and was beheaded.Our dynastic house laws are strictly related to the proper discipline of the eunuchs, and provide severe punishment for any offense they may commit.They are always strictly prohibited to carry out an expedition to the provinces, or create a problem.However, An Dehai is completely disrespectful to violate this law, and because of his crime, his execution is just a worthy gift.In the future, let all eunuchs take warnings with his example, in case we have a further reason for complaint, the eunuchs of some household departments will be punished as well as the actual offenders.Every eunuch who may in the hereafter pretend that he has been sent to the imperial business to the provinces will be chained all at once, and sent to Beijing for punishment ".
Marriage and death of Emperor Tongzhi
In 1872, both Ci'an and Cixi agreed it was time for the Emperor Tongzhi to marry. As the highest ranking woman in the Forbidden City, Ci'an was assigned to choose Empress Tongzhi's new empress and empress. It was decided that a girl from the Mongol Alute (then Empress Xiaozheyi) would be the new queen. Lady Alute's mother is a cousin of the Empress of Ci'an from his father's side. After the wedding, both Ci'an and Cixi resigned as co-regents, but they returned to the district in December 1874 during the disease of Emperor Tongzhi. In January 1875, Emperor Tongzhi died and Nephew Empress Cixi Nephew, Zaitian, was crowned Emperor Guangxu. Since Emperor Guangxu was also underage at the time of his coronation, the two queens became regents again.
As a co-regent for Emperor Guangxu
In the late 1870s, the Empress Dowager Cixi became ill with liver problems, so Empress Empress Ci'an had to govern herself. During this time, he had to deal with war with the Russian Empire over Ili Prefecture. In 1871, the Dungan Revolt broke out in Xinjiang. The Qing empire soon lost its power and the Russians occupied the Ili basin. The Qing government regained control of Xinjiang in 1877. In 1879, Russia suggested that they maintain a strong presence in the region but the Qing government disagreed. The conflict ended with the signing of the Saint Petersburg Agreement in February 1881.
Although Ci'an rarely left the Forbidden City, she visited the imperial tomb in honor of her husband and her ancestors. In 1880, when in the tomb of the Eastern Qing, Ci'an, perhaps encouraged by Prince Gong to assert himself and his rights, be at the forefront of all ceremonies. While in the tomb of Emperor Xianfeng, there was a commotion between Ci'an and Cixi. Ci'an, as Empress Emperor who has died, takes a central position. He tells Cixi to stand on the right and reminds him that he is just a concubine, while Emperor Xianfeng is still alive. The empty space on the left is symbolically reserved for the emperor's first emperor Xianfeng, Empress Xiaodexian. It is not known how Cixi reacted to this incident.
Death and tomb
On April 8, 1881, while attending an imperial court session, Empress Dowager Ci'an fell ill and was escorted to her private place, where she died within hours. His sudden death was a surprise to many. Although he was in good health, Ci'an had fallen seriously ill at least three times according to Weng Tonghe, who taught the Emperor Guangxu. He has a history of what looks like a stroke. In his diary, Weng Tonghe recorded his first blow in March 1863, when Ci'an suddenly fainted and lost his ability to speak for almost a month. His reputation for "speaking slowly and with great difficulty" during the hearing may be a consequence of his stroke. The second stroke was recorded in January 1870. The official cause of his death between 2100 and 2300 hours was a sudden stroke. The doctor who studied his medical records was almost certain that he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage.
Thirty years after his death, rumors began to spread that he had been poisoned by Empress Cixi. However, such claims have never been proven and new evidence has not appeared in the years since. Furthermore, Cixi himself was ill to be unable to perform his functions in court, making his involvement in the death of Ci'an highly unlikely.
One of the most widely circulated rumors is that before his death, Emperor Xianfeng wrote secret secret orders and gave them to Ci'an. Apparently, the emperor predicted that Cixi would try to persecute Ci'an and dominate the imperial palace, so he wrote a command to allow Ci'an to remove Cixi if necessary. Ci'an, believes that Cixi will not hurt her, show her the secret decree and burn her to show her trust in her partner. He died under mysterious circumstances that day.
The posthumous name is given to the Queen Dowager Ci'an, which combines the honorable names she earned during her lifetime with the new names added after her death, were:
Yang berbunyi:
- "Permaisuri Xiao ÂÂ2 -zhen ÂÂ3 Ci'an Yuqing Hejing Chengjing Yitian Zuosheng 4 Xian 5 ".
This long name is still one that can be seen in the tomb of Ci'an today. The short form of the posthumous name is:
- "Empress Xiaozhenxian" (Chinese: ????? ).
After his death, a farewell title was written for Ci'an which reads as follows:
"Despite the difficult task of the State, which has completely filled my time, I am naturally a strong constitution and therefore fully expect to reach a good old age and to enjoy the dutiful Emperor's ministry.Yesterday, however, I was suddenly stricken a minor illness and His Holiness then ordered his doctor to attend me, then His Holiness came personally to inquire about my health.And now, most unexpectedly, I experienced the most dangerous recurrence At 1900 tonight I became completely confused in my mind and now all my recovery hopes seem to be in vain.I am forty-five years old and almost twenty years old have held the high position of an imperial bupati.Many honors and congratulations have been bestowed on me: why should I be sorry? "
The translation of this farewell address comes from John Bland's book and Edmund Backhouse China Under the Empress Dowager . Another translation of the farewell address is found in "Papers related to US foreign relations" which contain corresponding letters between James Burrill Angell and James B. Blaine. Angell's first letter of Ci'an was written three days after his death and was accepted on June 23, 1881:
Sir: I have to announce that at 8 pm instant, at 6 pm, the Empress Dowager, commonly known as Empress of the East Palace, in the distinction of the Queen's Dowager Empress, died after a disease of only two days.The embassy had, at the time of this writing, received the official announcement of the event, but the Peking Sheet contained two imperial manuscripts of his death.Because the letter went away I can not now cover their translation.
The queen who died was the widow of Emperor Hsien-Fung, who ruled from 1850 to 1861. After losing his wife just as he ascended the throne, he married a recently deceased woman. He did not give him a son. In 1856 one of the second concubines or wives gave birth to a son, who succeeded him as Emperor Tung-Chih in 1861. At the death of Hsien-Fung, his wife, the woman who had recently died, of course, the Empress Dowager. But with the decision of the new Emperor, Tung-Chih, his mother was also raised to honor the Empress Mother. So there are two Empresses Dowager since 1861. The present emperor, Kwang-HsÃÆ'¼, who came to the throne in 1874, is a cousin of Tung-Chih and the nephew of the living Queen Dowager. Both Empresses, considered, have played an important role in the affair. The deceased Queen has been regarded as a passive spirit, and friendly to Prince Kung. The surviving empress has been considered to take a more active part in shaping imperial policies. He had been so ill for months that his death had happened every day, and several times reported on the streets. But the Empress of the East Palace has not been ill, until she was arrested last week with her fatal illness. I think he's about forty-five years old. It is feared that his sudden death may have an unfavorable and possibly fatal effect on the surviving Empress under his weakness.
It is impossible to say whether the death of the Empress of the East Palace will lead to important political results. If the other Empresses are also dead, it is very likely important consequences will follow, though no one can predict what will happen. Unclear rumors of a palace plan are floating, but until now they are rumors and not worth repeating.
On April 30, 1881, Angell wrote a second letter about Ci'an, to Blaine. It contains a translation of the imperial decree sent by Prince Gong and the separation mandate that appears on the Peking Sheet. The imperial decree reads as follows:
Since we entered the legacy of the great dynasty, looking up, We have been the recipient of the unlimited mother's care and love of the dead Queen T'zu-an Twan-Yu-K'ang-Ching-Chao- Ho-chwang-ching.
For the seven years that have passed since our accession to the Throne, as, anticipating His wishes, with the respectable care we provide for his wishes. Our efforts have been greatly appreciated by the happy and happy satisfaction that He always embodies.
The strong health that we seem to recognize in His appearances and movements, and his passion for state affairs at all times, is a source of great joy and comfort for our minds, and we hope that His life will be extended to a hundred years, that He may be long continue to enjoy the happiness. On the 7th instant, a tame body suddenly ached. An immediate remedy is given to relieve the disease and restore health, but suddenly the next day the disease quickly becomes dangerous, respiration is blocked by excessive sputum formation, and the case becomes urgent and desperate. Between 7 and 9 am the spirit is tame up on the fairy train and up into the remote areas. Kneeling on the earth, with our arms outstretched, we raised our cries to Heaven, bemoaning our tremendous sadness.
We are in the service of receiving a dying order from the death of the Perpetrator that the mourning garment is set aside after twenty-seven days. Our feeling is difficult to reconcile if we have to do this. Therefore we will observe the deep sorrow for a hundred days, and half mourning for a full period of twenty-seven months, to manifest in a certain degree our sincere sorrow for this happiness. The queen who has left has also warned us to try to control our grief and pay attention to the importance of state affairs to entertain the Queen's Widow, "T'zu-hsi Twan-YÃÆ'¼-Kang-Yi-Chao-YÃÆ'¼-Chwang -Ch'eng," in return for his attention in educating and nurturing us, we dare not ignore this suggestion, and, in obedient obedience to the restored order, we will endeavor to examine and detain our sadness.
Let Prince T'un, Yi Tsung; Prince Kung, Yi Hsin; Beile, Yi-Kwang; minister of presence, Ching Shou; the great secretary, Pao-Chun; assistant secretary and president, Ling-Kuei; and presidents, Ngen-Ch'eng and Ong-Fung-Ho, with full attention to attend the ceremonies and ceremonies to be observed in today's mourning. [Let them carefully examine the recipes of the old canon and perpetuate us about the ceremonies and ceremonies that are just right to be observed. Let this edict be enforced throughout the Empire for all information.]
Honor this.
Empress Dowager Ci'an was buried in the middle of the tomb of Eastern Qing, 125 km (78 mi) east of Beijing. She was refused to be buried beside her husband in Dingling's mausoleum. Instead he was buried in the tomb complex of Dingdongling ( ??? ), along with Queen Ms. Cixi. More precisely, Empress Empress Ci'an is located in Puxiangyu Dingdonling ("span lang =" zh "> ?????? ;" grave east of Dingling's grave in a good wide valley "), while Cixi built himself far bigger Putuoyu Dingdongling ( ?????? ; "tomb east of Dingling's tomb in Putuo valley"). The Tomb of Dingling (literally "tomb of tranquility") is the tomb of Emperor Xianfeng and lies to the west of Dingdongling. The Putuo valley owes its name to Mount Putuo, at the foot of which Dingdongling is located.
Note
1. the mother of Emperor Tongzhi 2. "filial"; during the Qing dynasty, this was always the first character at the beginning of the emporium gang name 3. the same character as when he was a concubine
4. string 12 characters This is the name of honor that he received while still alive, with the possibility of the last character was added only after his death
5. "Clear", or "Your Highness"; this is the posthumous name of Emperor Xianfeng; during the Qing dynasty, the last character of the emperor's posthumous names was always the posthumous name of their emperor
Appraisal
The popular view of the Empress Dowager of Ci'an is that she is a very respectable person, always quiet, never angry, and that she treats everyone very well and is highly respected by Emperor Xianfeng. Both Emperor Tongzhi and Guangxu prefer Ci'an over Cixi. Her kind personality was no match for the Cixi Rejuvenation Widow, who managed to set aside the naive and honest Dowager Empress Emperor. This is still a popular view in China, the image of the Empress Empress Dowager probably derived from the meaning of her honor name.
However, some historians have painted a very different reality, especially from the self-indulgent and lazy Empress Dowager, who cares nothing about government and hard work as she cares for fun and sweet life within the Forbidden City.. Queen Mother Cixi, on the other hand, is a smart and intelligent woman who is ready to sacrifice and work hard to gain the ultimate power, and who faces the tricky problem that befell China at that moment. Often, reality may lie between these two extremes and some even claim that Ci'an is said to have exhibited the nature of patience and willpower. The popular view of Ci'an being a good simple girl is exaggerated by reformer Kang Youwei and biographer John Bland and Edmund Backhouse, to build a contrast between himself and Cixi. There were no documented meetings between foreigners and Ci'an, unlike Cixi, who met many foreigners after 1900.
Katherine Carl, who spent nine months with Empress Cixi in 1903, described Ci'an, although she never met him, as follows: Ci'an is known as the "Consort of Literature". While Cixi takes care of all the affairs of the country, Ci'an surrenders herself to a literary pursuit and leads the life of a student. She is a woman of good literary ability, so she sometimes checks aspirant essays for the highest literary award at Beijing University. He is also a difference writer. Ci'an and Cixi live together peacefully, appreciate each other's qualities, and are said to have sincere affection for each other, which never weakens during their entire long association. Their friendly relations ended with the death of Ci'an in 1881.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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