Press freedom or media freedom is the principle that communicates and expresses through various media, including print and electronic media, especially published material, should be regarded as a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from a transgressing state; its preservation can be sought through legal protection or other legal protection.
In relation to government information, any government can distinguish which material is public or protected from public disclosure. State material is protected for one of two reasons: the classification of information as sensitive, confidential or confidential, or the relevance of information to protect the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information laws that are used to determine the ambitions of national interest.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations declared in 1948: "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression and opinion, including freedom of expression without interference, and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through all media without limits".
This philosophy is usually accompanied by laws guaranteeing various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, and the press. The depth at which these laws are embedded in the legal system of a country can go as far as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thus giving the same treatment of oral and written expression.
Video Freedom of the press
Your own publishing relationship
Freedom of the press is interpreted as the absence of interference by outsiders, such as government or religious organizations, not as a right for authors to have their work published by others. This famous idea is summarized by 20th-century American journalist A. J. Liebling, who writes, "Press freedom is guaranteed only for those who have it". Press freedom gives the printer or publisher exclusive control over what publishers choose to publish, including the right to refuse to print anything for any reason. If the author can not reach a voluntary agreement with the publisher to produce the author's work, then the author should move on to his own publishing.
Maps Freedom of the press
Press freedom status worldwide
Beyond legal definition, some non-governmental organizations use other criteria to assess the degree of press freedom around the world. Some make a subjective list, while others are based on quantitative data:
- Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists killed, expelled or abused, and the existence of state monopolies on TV and radio, as well as the presence of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of the media and the difficulties foreign journalists may encounter to rank countries in the level of press freedom.
- The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) systematically tracks the number of journalists killed and imprisoned in retaliation for their work. He said it used journalism tools to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding missions, and foreign correspondence networks, including local work journalists in countries around the world. The CPJ shares information about termination of cases with other press freedom organizations around the world through the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of more than 119 free expression organizations. The CPJ also tracks impunity in cases of journalist murder. CPJ staff apply strict criteria for each case; researchers independently investigate and verify the circumstances behind any death or imprisonment.
- Freedom House studies the more general political and economic environment of each country to determine whether dependence relationships exist that are limiting in practice the degree of press freedom that might exist in theory. The expert panel assessed press freedom scores and compiled a summary of each country based on a weighted assessment system that analyzed the political, economic, legal, and safety situation for journalists on a 100-point scale. It then categorizes countries as having a free, party-free, or non-free press.
Annual report of the murdered journalist and Census Prison
Each year, the Committee to Protect Journalists releases a complete list of all journalists killed in connection with their work, including profiles of each journalist and database, and the annual census of journalists in the midnight prison on December 1, 2017. years for journalists imprisoned with 262 journalists behind bars. Turkey, China and Egypt accounted for more than half of all journalists jailed globally.
Worldwide press freedom index
Each year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a subjective rating of countries in terms of their press freedom. The Index of Freedom of the Press is based on responses to surveys sent to journalists who are members of RWB partner organizations, as well as related specialists such as researchers, lawyers and human rights activists. The survey raised questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure on free press, such as non-governmental groups.
In 2016, the countries where the most free press is Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and New Zealand, followed by Costa Rica, Switzerland, Sweden, Ireland and Jamaica. The country with the lowest press freedom rate is Eritrea, followed by North Korea, Turkmenistan, Syria, China, Vietnam and Sudan.
The problem with the media in India, the largest democracy in the world, is huge. India does not have a model for a democratic press. Canadian journalist for Free Expression (CJFE) has published a report on India stating that Indian journalists are forced - or feel compelled for job security - to report in a way that reflects the political opinions and interests of shareholder companies. The report by Ravi S Jha says "Indian journalism, with its lack of freedom and self-regulation, can not be trusted now - currently known for manipulation and bias."
Press Freedom
Freedom of the Press is an annual report by the US-based non-profit Freedom House. It is known to subjectively measure the degree of editorial independence and independence enjoyed by the press in every significant country and region of dispute worldwide. The degree of freedom is assessed on a scale from 1 (most free) to 100 (at least for free). Depending on the basics, countries are then classified as "Free", "Free Free", or "Not Freed".
In 2009 Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden topped the list with North Korea, Turkmenistan, Myanmar (Burma), Libya, Eritrea at the bottom.
Non-democratic country
According to Reporters Without Borders, more than a third of the world's population live in countries where there is no freedom of the press. Unbelievably, these people live in countries where there is no democratic system or where there are serious shortcomings in the democratic process. Press freedom is a problematic/problematic concept for most non-democratic systems of government since, in the modern era, strict control over access to information is essential to the existence of most undemocratic governments and their associated security and control systems. apparatus. For this purpose, most non-democratic societies use state-run news organizations to promote propaganda that is essential to maintaining an existing and pressing (often very brutal) political base through the use of police, military or intelligence agencies) of any significant effort by the media or individual journalists to challenge the approved "government line" on the issues to be debated. In such countries, journalists operating on the periphery of what is deemed acceptable will very often find themselves subject to considerable intimidation by state agents. These can range from simple threats to their professional careers (professional firearms, blacklisting) to death threats, kidnappings, torture and murder.
- The case of Lira Baysetova in Kazakhstan.
- The case of Georgiy R. Gongadze in Ukraine
- In Nepal, Eritrea, and mainland China, journalists may spend years in jail simply for using "wrong" words or photos.
Closed territory for foreign reporters
- Chechnya, Russia
- Ogaden, Ethiopia
- Your watch & amp; Kashmir, India
- Waziristan, Pakistan
- Agadez, Niger
- North Korea
- State of Rakhine, Myanmar
History
Europe
Central, North and West Europe have a long tradition of free speech, including press freedom. After World War II, Hugh Baillie, president of United Press wire service based in the US, promotes freedom of news spread. In 1966 he called for an open system of news and transmission sources, and a minimum of government news regulations. His proposal was presented at the Geneva Conference on Freedom of Information in 1948, but was blocked by the Soviets and the French.
Media freedom is a fundamental right applicable to all EU Member States and their citizens, as defined in the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. In the process of expanding the EU, guaranteeing media freedom is called "the main indicator of state readiness to be part of the EU".
United Kingdom
According to the New York Times, "Britain has a long tradition of free and inquisitive press," but "unlike the United States, Britain has no constitutional guarantees for freedom of the press." Press freedom was founded in the United Kingdom in 1695, with Alan Rusbridger, former editor of The Guardian, stating: "When people talk about licensing journalists or newspapers, the instinct should refer them to history Read on how the press licensing in England was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedom won here becomes a model for most of the world, and realize how the world is still watching us to see how we protect that freedom. "
Until 1694, Britain had an elaborate licensing system; most recently seen in the License of the Press Law of 1662. No publications are allowed without the permission granted by the government. Fifty years earlier, during the civil war, John Milton wrote his pamphlet Areopagitica (1644). In this work, Milton firmly opposed this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when debtors and criminals can walk abroad without a guard, but non-offensive books should not appear without the jailer seen in their titles." Although at the time did not stop much practice licensing, it would be seen later as an important milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom.
Milton's main argument is that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing the right from the wrong, the good from the bad. In order to run this ration properly, the individual must have unrestricted access to his friends' ideas in "a free and open encounter." From Milton's writings developed the concept of an open market idea, the idea that when people argue, good arguments win. One of the most widely circumscribed forms of speech in Britain is the lawlessness of the law, and the laws there make criticize the government as a crime. The King is above public criticism and critical statements against the government are prohibited, according to the English Star Chamber Court. Truth is not a defense against slander because the aim is to prevent and punish all government criticism.
Locke contributed to the negligence of the Licensing Act in 1695, where the press did not require a license. However, many pollution was tried throughout the 18th century, until the "Bill of Rights Society" led by John Horne Tooke and John Wilkes organized a campaign to publish the Parliamentary Debate. This culminated in the three defeats of the Crown in 1770 cases of Almon, Miller and Woodfall, all of which had published one of the June Letters, and the capture of John Wheble which failed in 1771. After that the Crown was much more careful in the application of slander; for example, after the Peterloo Massacre, Burdett was sentenced, whereas on the contrary Junus's infidelity was a satire and sarcasm about non-lethal behavior and government policy.
In the British colonies of America, the first editors found their readers to enjoy it when they criticized the local governor; the governors found that they could close the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation took place in New York in 1734, where the governor took John Peter Zenger to court for defamation after the publication of the satirical attack. Defense lawyers argue that under English law the truth is a legitimate defense of defamation. The jury freed Zenger, who became an American hero for freedom of the press. The result is the emerging tension between the media and the government. In the mid-1760s, there were 24 weekly newspapers in 13 colonies, and satirical attacks against the government became a common feature in American newspapers.
John Stuart Mill in 1869 in his book On Liberty approached the issue of authority versus freedom from the point of view of a nineteenth-century utilitarian: The individual has the right to express himself as long as he does not harm others. individual. A good society is a society where the greatest number of people enjoy the greatest possible happiness. By applying these general principles of freedom to freedom of expression, Mill states that if we silence our opinion, we can silence the truth. The freedom of individual expression is therefore important for the welfare of society. Mill writes:
Danish-Norwegian
Between September 4, 1770 and October 7, 1771, the Danish-Norwegian kingdom has the most unlimited press freedom in any country in Europe. This was during the Johann Friedrich Struensee regime, whose second act was to abolish the old censorship laws. However, due to the large number of mostly anonymous pamphlets published that were critical and often slandering against Struensee's own regime, he restored some restrictions on press freedom a year later, October 7, 1771.
Italy
After the unification of Italy in 1861, the Statute of Albertine of 1848 was adopted as the constitution of the Kingdom of Italy. The Statute grants freedom of the press with some restrictions in cases of offenses and in religious matters, as stated in Article 28:
The press should be free, but the law can suppress this violation of freedom. However, the Bible, catechism, liturgical and prayer books will not be printed without prior permission from the bishop.
Following the abolition of the monarchy in 1946 and the revocation of the Statute in 1948, the Constitution of the Republic of Italy guarantees freedom of the press, as stated in Article 21, Paragraphs 2 and 3:
The press may not be subject to any authorization or censorship. Confiscation is only permitted by a court order stating the reasons and only for violations that are expressly prescribed by law regarding the press or in case of breach of obligation to identify the person responsible for the violation.
The Constitution allows for the unjustified seizure of periodicals in urgent cases, when the Court can not intervene in a timely manner, provided that legal validation must be obtained within 24 hours. Article 21 also imposes restrictions on publications deemed to be offensive to public morality, as stated in Paragraph 6:
Publications, performances, and other exhibits that offend public morality should be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measures against such violations shall be laid down by law.
Nazi Germany (1933-1945)
In 1933 press freedom was pressed in Nazi Germany by Reichstag Fire Decree of President Paul Von Hindenburg, just as Adolf Hitler came to power. Hitler greatly suppressed press freedom through Joseph Goebbels' Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda. The Ministry acts as a central controlling point for all media, issuing commands such as what stories can be executed and what stories will be suppressed. Anyone involved in the film industry - from the director to the lowest assistant - must sign the oath of allegiance to the Nazi Party because of the power of opinion change that Goebbels perceives to be owned by the film. (Goebbels himself maintains personal control over any film made in Nazi Europe.) Journalists who cross the Propaganda Ministry are routinely imprisoned.
Swedish and Finnish
One of the first press freedoms in the world was introduced in Sweden in 1766, mainly because of classical liberal parliamentarians, the Ostrobothian priest, Anders Chydenius. Except and can be sued is a vocal opposition to the King and Church of Sweden. The law was largely revived after King Gustav's coup in 1772, restored after the overthrow of his son, Gustav IV of Sweden in 1809, and was fully recognized by the abolition of the prerogative of the king to annul the license in the 1840s.
America
United States
The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States states:
Congress will not make laws that respect the establishment of religion, or prohibit free practice thereof; or summarize freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the people peacefully to assemble, and to petition the government for redress.
Canada
Part 2 (b) of the Canada Charter of Rights and Freedom states that everyone has "freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including press freedom and other communication media."
The principle of open trials ensures press freedom by requiring that the court proceedings be allegedly open and accessible to the public and the media.
Asia
China
Singapore
Singapore's media environment is considered highly controlled by the government.
India
The Indian Constitution, while not mentioning the word "press", gives "the right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 19 (1) a). But this right is subject to restrictions under sub-clauses, where this freedom may be restricted for reasons of "the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, maintaining morality, maintaining morality, in relationships to insult, court, defamation, or incitement to an offense ". Laws such as the Official Secrets Act and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (PoTA) have been used to limit freedom of the press. Under the PoTA, a person may be detained for six months for dealing with terrorist or terrorist groups. The PoTA was revoked in 2006, but the Official Secret Act of 1923 continues.
During the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was a major obstacle to press freedom. Indira Gandhi famously stated in 1975 that All India Radio is "the organ of the Government, it will remain the organ of the Government..." With liberalization beginning in the 1990s, personal control over the media has grown, leading to increased independence and oversight the greater one. from the government.
It ranks poorly in rank 136 of 179 countries listed in Press Freedom Index 2013 released by Reporters Without Borders (RWB). The analytical freedom of the Indian press, as can be inferred by the Press Freedom Index, has continued to dwindle since 2002, when it peaked in clear freedom, reaching the 80th rank among reported countries. In 2018, India's press freedom rankings doubled to 138. In explaining the decline, the RWB cited increased intolerance from Hindu nationalist Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu supporters and the killing of journalists such as Gauri Lankesh.
Africa
Tanzania
By 2018, online content providers must have licenses and pay annual fees to the government.
Implications of new technologies
Many traditional ways of conveying information are slowly being replaced by the increasing advances in modern technology. Almost every media mode and conventional information dissemination have modern partners that offer significant profit potential for journalists who seek to maintain and improve their free speech. Some simple examples of such phenomena include:
- Satellite television compared to terrestrial television: While terrestrial television is relatively easy to manage and manipulate, satellite television is much more difficult to control because journalistic content can easily be broadcast from other jurisdictions beyond the control of each government. For example in the Middle East is an Al Jazeera satellite broadcaster. This Arabic media channel operates outside Qatar, whose government is relatively liberal compared to many of its neighbors. Thus, its views and content are often a problem for some governments in the region and beyond. However, due to increasing affordability and miniaturization of satellite technologies (eg plates and receivers), it is impractical for most countries to control popular access to channels.
- Internet-based publishing (e.g., blogging, social media) vs. Traditional publishing: Traditional magazines and newspapers rely on physical resources (eg, office, printing) that can be easily targeted and forced to close. Internet-based publishing systems can be run on existing and inexpensive equipment and can operate from any global jurisdiction. States and organizations are increasingly using legal steps to take control over online publications, using national security, anti-terror measures and copyright laws to issue takedown notices and limit opposition speeches.
- Internet, powerful anonymity and cryptography software: In addition to Internet-based Internet publishing combined with anonymity software such as Tor and cryptography allows sources to remain anonymous and maintain confidentiality while passing information or communicating securely with journalists anywhere in the world in an instant (eg SecureDrop, WikiLeaks)
- Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) vs. conventional phones: While conventional telephone systems are easily tapped and recorded, modern VOIP technology can use low-cost cryptography to avoid surveillance. Because VOIP and similar technologies are increasingly widespread, they tend to make effective monitoring of journalists (and their contacts and activities) a very difficult task for the government.
Naturally, the government responded to the challenges posed by new media technologies by spreading increasingly sophisticated technology from their own (noteworthy example is China's attempt to impose control through a state-managed Internet service provider that controls access to the Internet) but it seems it will be an increasingly difficult task as journalists are constantly looking for new ways to leverage technology and stay one step ahead of slow-moving government institutions that seek to censor them.
In May 2010, US President Barack Obama signed a law aimed at promoting a free press worldwide, a bipartisan act inspired by the assassination in Pakistan Daniel Pearl, a Wall Street Journal reporter, shortly after September 11 attacks in 2001. The law, called the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act, requires the US State Department to expand its oversight of media restrictions and intimidation as part of an annual review of human rights in each country. In 2012, the Obama Administration collected communications records from 20 separate homes and offices for Associated Press reporters for two months, possibly in an effort to reduce government leakage to the press. This oversight caused widespread criticism by First Amendment experts and free press supporters, and led 50 major media organizations to sign and send a letter of protest to US prosecutor Eric Holder.
Organization for press freedom
See also
References
Quote
Source
External links
- Canadian Journalist for Free Expression
- Freedom Navigator Media Overview of Media Freedom Index
- Risorse Etiche Publish and translate articles from independent journalists
- The magazine ACTivist
- Media freedom paradox in Pakistan
- Southeast European Media Organization
- Forbidden Magazine , sensor journal and confidentiality.
- Free News and Speech - Blogs Newspapers Index
- Press Freedom
- OSCE Representative on Media Freedom
- WHERE - Media Alliance for New Activism
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange - Monitoring press freedom worldwide
- Inter Press Services IPS Independent news on worldwide press freedom
- The Journalist Committee for Press Freedom
- Reporters Without Borders
- Doha Center for Media Freedom
- The World Press Freedom Committee
- Student Press Law Center
- Union sindicale des journalistes CFDT
- Map media freedom in Europe
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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