Treatment of Oxytocin for Postpartum Depression
Oxytocin (OT) has the potential to be a treatment for Postpartum Depression (PPD) [1] . Oxytocin is released when a mother takes care of her child, making the interaction pleasant [2] . Mothers who reported high maternal bond rates and showed responsive and sensitive parenting generally showed elevated levels of OT and cerebral activation center awards during the [1] playing session. According to Slattery and Neumann, the mother's oxytocin system with PPD may have altered the [3] activity. These mothers have difficulty bonding with their baby when they are born [1] . An experiment found that mothers, who had low attachment ratings for adults and their babies, also had lower OT levels when caring for their children [3] . It is thought that women with PPD may benefit from intranasal OT because these treatments will help mothers feel happier and help them in bonding with a [1] child. Another experiment showed that giving OT to sheep increased the amount of care he gave to the [2] bloodline. Further experimentation needs to be done to determine the effectiveness of OT as a treatment for Postpartum Depression [3] .
Video Oxytocin treatment for postpartum depression
Intranasal Administration
Intranasal (IN) administration, as opposed to more conventional routes, such as oral or intravenous infusions, offers an alternative method for drug delivery. This method is often the preferred method of [4] . Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that can be administered in this way. INSIDE the delivery method is gaining popularity due to the non-invasive nature of this method. IN generally does not require complicated sterile preparation, is relatively painless, and can often be administered rapidly by a medical doctor, or in some cases patients. IN maximizing patient comfort and comfort, making treatment regimens more likely to follow [4] . During Postpartum Depression (PPD), some women may be less likely to seek treatment if the treatment is uncomfortable. In addition, new mothers (especially if suffering from depression) may feel socially isolated or overwhelmed by the responsibility of caring for a new baby. IN not only provides convenient delivery methods, but is also a logical choice based on efficacy. The tissues in the nasal cavity are highly vascular, providing a large surface area for absorption. Large surface areas allow for rapid drug onset, which means greater potential for drugs to reach the central nervous system without undergoing the first flow metabolism [4] . Avoiding first-pass metabolism allows more drugs to be available for treatment. Gastrointestinal discomfort and digestive side effects can also be avoided with IN dose [4] . IN delivery allows the OT to cross the blood-brain barrier, speeding up the drug to the central nervous system [5] and cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-brain barriers usually protect the brain by blocking certain chemicals and toxins from reaching the brain. Elevated OT levels can be found in salivary samples after intranasal administration of neuropeptides. Salivary OT levels may remain higher than baseline levels four hours after the dose, suggesting that OT still produces an active response of [5] . This may be an effective way to monitor levels of OT during short-term treatment or to help identify women at risk or have a history of PPD. Although OT can be administered intravenously (and sometimes is an appropriate method depending on the medical situation), the IN administration offers many advantages that make it an ideal choice for short-term treatment.
Maps Oxytocin treatment for postpartum depression
Side Effects
A review of 38 randomized and controlled trials showed that short-term intranasal oxytocin use appeared to have few side effects, with no difference when compared to the placebo group. Short-term use of intranasal oxytocin (OT) appears to be just as safe in susceptible individuals as well as those considered healthy. Three bad incidents have been reported; two allegedly caused by actual nasal spray misuse and one associated with a longer treatment regimen. The most frequently reported subjective sensation is tranquility; However, no differences could be detected between the OT use and placebo groups [6] . Given that Postpartum Depression (PPD) is not a chronic disease in nature, short-term intranasal PL therapy can be a logical application to reduce some of the negative consequences associated with PPD. The effects of a beneficial OT are to reduce anxiety levels, increase confidence levels and improve eye sight [6] , all of which can be a beneficial side effect for women suffering from PPD. Long treatment seems to be a key factor in safety. Allergic reactions, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions should always be considered, but especially if long-term care. OT can modify heart rate and cause excessive fluid intake (antidiuretic effect). An intravenous (IV) infusion of oxytocin is often used to induce labor and increase milk lactation during postpartum care. The use of IV may cause side effects such as cardiovascular manifestations in the form of tachycardia and bradycardia. In addition, nausea, vomiting, and headache may occur with IV applications. Less frequently, water intoxication, skin rashes, and anaphylactoid reactions have been reported [6] .
Experiments
Oxytocin intranasal (OT) has been used to reduce some of the symptoms associated with Postpartum depression (PPD). Research by McErlean and Dadds suggests that intranasal OT, when combined with behavioral intervention, may remedy some maternal-infant disorders associated with PPD. This is the first study to evaluate the individual effects of OT and the combined effects of OT in relation to maternal training. The study consisted of seventy-seven mothers (with sub-clinical levels of PPD) with infants ranging from eight to thirty weeks. In addition to the coaching of mother-infant interactions, randomly selected mothers were treated with 24 IU OT or placebo nasal spray during a two-session period; measurements taken over three time periods. Both questionnaire data and observation data, such as eye contact, positive vocalization, and interaction quality, are used for evaluation purposes. There is a significant interaction between therapy and the PL with respect to maternal behavior. OT also appears to be of benefit to mothers not involved with therapy when compared with those receiving placebo nose spray [1] . OT is also associated with lowered human stress response [3] . Reducing the stress response in women with PPD may be beneficial for the bonding of mothers. Research shows that breastfeeding causes plasma OT levels to rise in women. Experiments designed and conducted in the 1980s helped researchers understand the correlation between breastfeeding before the event of stress and decreased stress response observed during the peripartum period. As part of this experiment, lactating women are asked to breastfeed their babies or hold their babies for a period of fifteen minutes approximately thirty minutes before undergoing Trier Voltage Test (TSST). During TSST, women are asked to give an unprepared speech and calculate mental arithmetic in front of an audience. The results showed that women who breastfed their babies were less stressed during TSST than women who just held baby [3] . Increased levels of OT during breastfeeding may contribute to lower stress situations.
References
- Liu, J., McErlean, R., & amp; Dadds, M. (n.d.). Have we arrived? Clinical potential of intranasal oxytocin in psychiatry.
- Churchland, P. (2011). Braintrust . (pp.Ã, 40-42, 100-102). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Slattery, D., & amp; Neumann, I. (2010). Oxytocin and major depressive disorders: Experimental and clinical evidence for aetiology and possible treatment. Pharmacy, 1 (3), 702-724.
- Costantino, H. R., Illum, L., Brandt, G., Johnson, P. H., & amp; Quay, S.C (2007). Intranasal Delivery: Physicalochemical and therapeutic aspects. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, (337), 1-24.
- Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & amp; Feldman, R. (2012). Intranasal oxytocin administration is reflected in human saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology, (37), 1582-1586.
- MacDonald, E., Dadds, M. R., Brennan, J. L., Williams, K., Levy, F., & amp; Cauchi, A. J. (2011). Overview of safety, side effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology, (36), 1114-1126.
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