Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an uncomfortable inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing, somatic complaints, and contemplation. This is a subjective unpleasant feeling of fear over the anticipated event, like an imminent feeling of death. Anxiety is not the same as fear, which is a response to real or perceived direct threat, while anxiety is the expectation of future threats. Anxiety is anxiety and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to situations that are only seen as threats subjectively. Often accompanied by muscle tension, anxiety, fatigue and concentration problems. Anxiety can be precise, but when experienced regularly an individual may suffer from anxiety disorders.
People who face anxiety can withdraw from situations that have triggered anxiety in the past. There are different types of anxiety. Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces anxiety, existential crisis, or nihilistic feelings. People can also deal with mathematical anxiety, somatic anxiety, stage fright, or test anxiety. Social anxiety and foreign anxiety are caused when people are worried around strangers or other people in general. In addition, anxiety has been linked to physical symptoms such as IBS and may improve other mental health illnesses such as OCD and panic disorder. The first step in an individual's management with anxiety symptoms is to evaluate the possible underlying medical causes, whose recognition is important for deciding the correct treatment. Anxiety symptoms may mask organic disease, or appear to be related or as a result of a medical disorder.
Anxiety can be short term "circumstances" or "nature" long term. While anxiety represents a worrying nature about future events, anxiety disorder is a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear. Anxiety disorders are partly genetic but may also be due to drug use, including alcohol, caffeine, and benzodiazepines (which are often prescribed to treat anxiety), and withdrawal from drug abuse. They often occur with other mental disorders, especially bipolar disorder, eating disorders, major depressive disorder, or certain personality disorders. Common treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, and therapies. Metacognitive therapy seeks to relieve anxiety through alleviating concern, which is seen as a consequence of metacognitive beliefs.
Video Anxiety
Description
Anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to perceived threats. Anxiety relates to the specific behavior of the fight-or-flight response, defensive behavior or escape. It happens in situations that are only considered to be unmanageable or unavoidable, but not realistically. David Barlow defines anxiety as "a future-oriented mood where one is unprepared or ready to try to overcome the upcoming negative events," and that it is the difference between the future and now the dangers that divide anxiety and fear. Another picture of anxiety is suffering, fear, terror, or even fear. In positive psychology, anxiety is described as a mental state resulting from a difficult challenge in which the subject has insufficient coping skills.
Fear and anxiety can be distinguished in four domains: (1) duration of emotional experience, (2) temporary focus, (3) threat specificity, and (4) directional motivation. Fear is defined as short life, the current focus, directed to a particular threat, and facilitates the escaping of the threat; anxiety, on the other hand, is defined as long-acting, the focus of the future, is broadly focused towards pervasive threats, and promotes excessive vigilance as it approaches potential threats and disrupts constructive coping.
Anxiety can be experienced with prolonged and protracted symptoms that reduce the quality of life, known as chronic (or common) anxiety, or may be experienced in a brief attack with sporadic panic attacks and stress, known as acute anxiety. Anxiety symptoms can range in amount, intensity, and frequency, depending on the person. While almost everyone has experienced anxiety at some point in their lives, most do not develop long-term problems with anxiety.
Anxiety can cause psychiatric and physiological symptoms.
The effects of anxiety behavior may include withdrawal from situations that have triggered anxiety or negative feelings in the past. Other effects may include changes in sleep patterns, changes in habits, increased or decreased food intake, and increased motor tension (such as foot-tapping).
The emotional effects of anxiety may include "feelings of fear or fear, difficulty concentrating, feeling tense or anxious, anticipating the worst, irritable, anxious, watching (and waiting) signs (and occurrences) danger, and, feeling like your mind goes empty "and" nightmares/nightmares, an obsession about sensation, dÃÆ' Â © jÃÆ' vu, feelings stuck in your mind, and feel like everything is scary. "
The cognitive effects of anxiety may include thoughts of a suspected danger, such as the fear of dying. "You may fear that chest pain is a deadly heart attack or that the shooting in your head is the result of a tumor or aneurysm.You feel intense fear when you think about death, or you may think about more often than usual, or can not out of your mind. "
Physiological symptoms of anxiety may include:
- Neurological, such as headache, paresthesias, vertigo, or presyncope.
- Digestion, such as stomachache, nausea, diarrhea, indigestion, dry mouth, or bolus.
- Breathing, such as shortness of breath or breath.
- The heart, such as palpitations, tachycardia, or chest pain.
- Muscles, such as fatigue, tremor, or tetany.
- Skin, like sweat, or itchy skin.
- Uro-genital, such as frequent urination, urinary urgency, dyspareunia, or impotence.
Maps Anxiety
Type
Existential
The philosopher SÃÆ'¸ren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety (1844), describes the anxiety or fear associated with "giddiness of freedom" and suggests the possibility for a positive resolution of anxiety through self-conscious practice of responsibility and choosing. In Art and Artist (1932), psychologist Otto Rank writes that the psychological trauma of birth is the most prominent human symbol of existential anxiety and includes the simultaneous fear of the creative person and the desire for separation, individuation, and differentiation.
Theologian Paul Tillich characterizes existential anxiety as "the state in which the being is aware of the possibility of absence" and he lists three categories for the absent and generated anxiety: ontic, and spiritual (spiritual, emptiness and meaninglessness). According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety, namely spiritual anxiety, dominant in modern times while others are dominant in the previous period. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be accepted as part of the human condition or can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "encourage people toward the creation of certainty in a system of meaning supported by tradition and authority" although "undoubted certainty is not built on the stone of reality".
According to Viktor Frankl, author of Man's Search for Meaning, when one is faced with an extreme mortal danger, the most basic of all human desires is finding the meaning of life to combat the "trauma of the ignorant" because death is imminent.
Test and performance
According to Yerkes-Dodson's law, the optimal level of passion is required to complete tasks such as tests, performance, or competitive events. However, when anxiety or passion levels exceed the optimal, the result is a decrease in performance.
Anxiety tests are the discomfort, fear, or anxiety felt by students who are afraid of failing the exam. Students who have an exam anxiety may experience the following: value associations with personal value; fear of shame by a teacher; fear of alienation from parents or friends; time pressure; or feel lost control. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, anxiety, uncontrollable crying or laughing and playing drums on the table are common. Because anxiety tests depend on fears of negative evaluation, there is debate as to whether test anxiety itself is a unique anxiety disorder or whether it is a particular type of social phobia. DSM-IV classifies test anxiety as a type of social phobia.
While the term "exam anxiety" refers specifically to students, many workers share the same experience with regard to their career or profession. Fear of failure on duty and negative judgment for failure can have the same negative effect on adults. Test anxiety management focuses on achieving relaxation and developing mechanisms for managing anxiety.
Humans generally require social acceptance and are thus sometimes afraid of other people's disapproval. Fear being judged by others can cause anxiety in the social environment.
Anxiety during social interaction, especially between strangers, is common among young people. It can last into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. "Strangely strangers" in small children is not considered a phobia. In adults, excessive fear of others is not a common developmental stage; it's called social anxiety. According to Cutting, social phobia is not afraid of the crowds but the fact that they can be rated negatively.
Social anxiety varies in degree and severity. For some, this is characterized by experiencing discomfort or awkwardness during physical social contact (eg embracing, shaking hands, etc.), while in other cases it can cause fear of interacting with strangers altogether. Those who suffer from this condition can limit their lifestyles to accommodate anxiety, minimize social interaction whenever possible. Social anxiety also forms a core aspect of certain personality disorders, including avoidant personality disorder.
To the extent that one is afraid of social encounters with strangers, some may experience anxiety especially when interacting with outside group members, or people sharing different group memberships (ie by race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.). Depending on the nature of antecedent relationships, cognition, and situational factors, contact between groups may be stressful and cause feelings of anxiety. Fear or fear of contact with outside group members is often called anxiety between groups or between groups.
Like the more common forms of social anxiety, intergroup anxiety has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects. For example, improved schematic processing and simplified information processing can occur when anxiety is high. Indeed, as such it is consistent with the corresponding work on the attention bias in implicit memory. In addition, recent research has found that implicit racial evaluation (ie, prejudiced automatic behavior) can be strengthened during intergroup interactions. Negative experiences have been illustrated in producing not only negative expectations, but also avoidance, or antagonism, such as hostility. Furthermore, when compared to the level of anxiety and cognitive efforts (eg, impression management and self-presentation) in the intragroup context, resource leveling and depletion can be exacerbated in intergroup situations.
Trait
Anxiety can be short-term "circumstances" or "traits" of long-term personality. Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across lifetimes responding with acute anxiety, the state in anticipation of a threatening situation (whether they are actually considered threatening or not). A meta-analysis shows that high levels of neuroticism are risk factors for the development of symptoms and anxiety disorders. Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious.
Choice or decision
The anxiety caused by the need to choose between similar options is increasingly recognized as a problem for individuals and organizations. In 2004, Capgemini wrote: "Today we are all faced with bigger choices, more competition and less time to weigh our options or seek the right advice."
In the context of decisions, uncertainty or uncertainty can trigger an emotional response to anxious individuals who systematically alter decision making. There are two main forms of this type of anxiety. The first form refers to an option in which there are several potential outcomes with probabilities that are known or can be calculated. The second form refers to the uncertainty and ambiguity associated with the decision context in which there are several possible outcomes with unknown probabilities.
Anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by excessive fear and fear. Anxiety is a concern about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings can cause physical symptoms, such as a rapid and trembling heartbeat. There are a number of anxiety disorders: including generalized anxiety disorders, specific phobias, social anxiety disorders, anxiety disorder disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and selective mutism. This disorder is different from what causes the symptoms. People often have more than one anxiety disorder.
The cause of anxiety disorder is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include history of child abuse, family history of mental disorders, and poverty. Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental disorders, especially major depressive disorders, personality disorders, and disorders of substance use. To be diagnosed, symptoms should usually appear at least six months, more than expected for the situation, and decrease function. Other problems that can lead to similar symptoms include hyperthyroidism, heart disease, caffeine, alcohol, or cannabis use, and withdrawal from certain drugs, among others.
Without treatment, anxiety disorders tend to remain. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, counseling, and medications. Counseling is usually with a type of cognitive behavioral therapy. Drugs, such as antidepressants or beta blockers, can improve symptoms.
Approximately 12% of people are affected by anxiety disorders in a given year and between 5-30% are affected at some point in their life. They occur about twice as often in women than in men, and generally begin before the age of 25 years. The most common are specific phobias that affect almost 12% and social anxiety disorders that affect 10% at some point in their lives. They affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 years the most and become less common after the age of 55 years. Prices seem to be higher in the United States and Europe.
Risk factors
Neuroanatomy
Neural circuits involving the amygdala (which regulate emotions such as anxiety and fear, stimulate the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system) and the hippocampus (which is involved in emotional memory along with the amygdala) are thought to underlie anxiety. People who have anxiety tend to exhibit high activity in response to emotional stimuli in the amygdala. Some authors believe that excessive anxiety can lead to overpotentiation of the limbic system (which includes the amygdala and nucleus accumbens), giving rise to anxiety in the future, but this does not seem to be proven.
Research on teenagers who are like babies is very alarming, alert, and fearful to find that their accumbens nuclei are more sensitive than others when deciding to take action that determines whether they receive a reward. This shows the relationship between the circuit responsible for fear and also the reward of anxious people. As the researchers noted, "a sense of responsibility, or property, in the context of uncertainty (the probabilistic outcome) encourages the underlying nervous system of appetite motivation (ie, nucleus accumbens) to be stronger in temperament constrained than unrestrained adolescents."
Genetics
Genetics and family history (eg, parental anxiety) can affect a person for an increased risk of anxiety disorders, but generally external stimuli will trigger an onset or exacerbation. Genetic differences account for about 43% of the variant in panic disorder and 28% in generalized anxiety disorder. Although a single gene is unnecessary and insufficient for anxiety on its own, several gene polymorphisms have been found to be correlated with anxiety: PLXNA2, SERT, CRH, COMT and BDNF. Some of these genes affect neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and norepinephrine) and hormones (such as cortisol) are involved in anxiety. The epigenetic signatures of at least one of these genes, BDNF, are also associated with anxiety and special patterns of neural activity.
Medical condition
Many medical conditions can cause anxiety. These include conditions that affect breathing ability, such as COPD and asthma, and breathing difficulties that often occur before death. Conditions that cause abdominal pain or chest pain can cause anxiety and may in some cases become anxiety somatization; the same is true for some sexual dysfunction. Conditions that affect the face or skin can cause social anxiety especially among teenagers, and developmental disabilities often cause social anxiety for children as well. Life-threatening conditions such as cancer also cause anxiety.
In addition, certain organic diseases may present with anxiety-like anxiety or symptoms. These disorders include certain endocrine diseases (hypo- and hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia), metabolic disorders (diabetes), deficiencies (low levels of vitamin D, B2, B12, folic acid), gastrointestinal disease (celiac disease, non-sheath gluten sensitivity, intestinal), heart disease, blood diseases (anemia), brain blood vessel injury (transient ischemic attack, stroke), and degenerative brain disease (Parkinson's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease), among others.
Substance-induced
Some drugs can cause or worsen anxiety, either in intoxication, withdrawal or from chronic use. These include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, sedatives (including recipes of benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illegal drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants. While many often report anxiety self-medication with this substance, anxiety increases from drugs are usually short-lived (with worsening long-term anxiety, sometimes with acute anxiety soon after the drug's effects disappear) and tend to be exaggerated. Acute exposure to toxic levels of benzene can lead to euphoria, anxiety, and irritability lasting up to 2 weeks after exposure.
Psychological
Poor coping skills (eg, inflexible rigidity/resolution, rejection, avoidance, impulsivity, extreme self-expectations, affective instability, and an inability to focus on the problem) are associated with anxiety. Anxiety is also linked and perpetuated by the hope of the pessimistic outcome of the person himself and how they overcome negative feedback. Temperaments (eg, neuroticism) and attitudes (eg pessimism) have been found to be anxiety risk factor.
Cognitive distortions such as overgeneralization, catastrophizing, mind reading, emotional reasoning, binoculars tricks, and mental filters can cause anxiety. For example, the overly general belief that something bad "always" happens can lead one to have excessive fear even minimal risk situations and to avoid social situations that are benign due to anxiety anticipation worries. In addition, those with high anxiety can also create life events that trigger stress in the future. Together, these findings suggest that anxious thoughts can cause anticipatory anxiety as well as stressful events, which in turn leads to more anxiety. Such unhealthy thoughts can be targets for successful treatment with cognitive therapy.
Psychodynamic theories argue that anxiety is often the result of opposing an unconscious or fearful desire that manifests through maladaptive defense mechanisms (such as emphasis, repression, anticipation, regression, somatization, passive aggression, dissociation) evolving to adapt to problems with early objects (eg, caregivers) and empathic failure in childhood. For example, the persistent anger of the parent against anger can lead to the suppression/suppression of anger that manifests as a somatization when provoked by others while anger remains unconscious and out of the individual consciousness. Such conflicts can be targets for successful treatment with psychodynamic therapy. While psychodynamic therapy tends to explore the underlying anxiety roots, cognitive behavioral therapy has also proven to be a successful treatment for anxiety by altering irrational thoughts and undesirable behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology
The explanation of evolutionary psychology is that increased anxiety serves the purpose of raising awareness about potential threats in the environment as well as increasing the propensity to take proactive action about the possibility of such threats. This can lead to false positive reactions but an individual who suffers from anxiety can also avoid real threats. This may explain why anxious people tend to die by accident.
When people are faced with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as smells or dirty feelings, PET-scans show increased blood flow in the amygdala. In this study, participants also reported moderate anxiety. This may indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.
Social
Social risk factors for anxiety include a history of trauma (eg, physical, sexual or emotional abuse or assault), early life experiences and parenting factors (eg, rejection, lack of warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high negative parental influences, childrearing anxiety , modeling of dysfunctional behavior and drug abuse, emotional despair, poor socialization, poor attachment, and child abuse and neglect), cultural factors (eg, staunch family/culture, persecuted minorities including disabled people), and socioeconomics (eg, uneducated, unemployed, poor (although developed countries have higher levels of anxiety disorders than developing countries).
Contextual factors that are thought to contribute to anxiety include gender socialization and learning experiences. In particular, the mastery of learning (the extent to which people feel their lives are under their own control) and instrumentalities, which include such qualities as self-confidence, independence, and competitiveness that fully mediate the relationship between gender and anxiety. That is, although gender differences in anxiety exist, with higher levels of anxiety in women than men, gender socialization and mastery learn explain this gender difference. Research has shown ways in which facial excellence in photographic images differs between men and women. More specifically, in the official online pictures of politicians around the world, the faces of women are less prominent than men. Interestingly enough, the differences in these images actually tend to be greater in culture with greater institutional gender equality.
Pathophysiology
Anxiety disorders appear to be genetically inherited neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalances; lowers GABA-ergic tones; allelic polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased function of adenosine receptors; increased cortisol. In the central nervous system (CNS), the main mediator of anxiety disorder symptoms appears to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurotransmitters and other peptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factors, may be involved. Peripherally, the autonomic nervous system, especially the sympathetic nervous system, mediates many of the symptoms. Increased flow in the right parahippocampal region and reducing the type 1A serotonin receptor binding to the anterior and posterior cingulate and the patient raphe is a diagnostic factor for the prevalence of anxiety disorder. The amygdala is a fear-processing and anxiety center, and its function may be impaired in anxiety disorders. Anxiety processing in the basolateral amygdala has been implicated with dendritic arborization of amygdaloid neurons. The SK2 potassium channel mediates the inhibitory effect on the action potential and reduces arborization.
See also
- Tripartite Anxiety and Depression Model
- Unusual
References
External links
- Media related to Emergencies in Wikimedia Commons
- Anxiety at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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