A blog (expression cut " weblog ") is a discussion website or information published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete and often informal diary-style text entries (" post "). Posts are usually displayed in reverse chronological order, so new posts appear first, at the top of the web page. Until 2009, blogs are usually the work of one individual, sometimes from a small group, and often include one subject or topic. In 2010, "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have been developed, with writings written by many writers and sometimes professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions are responsible for increasing the amount of blog traffic. The emergence of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems help integrate MAB and single author blogs into the news media. The Blog can also be used as a verb, which means to maintain or add content to the blog .
The appearance and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the rise of web publishing tools that facilitate posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with HTML or computer programming. Previously, knowledge of technologies such as HTML and File Transfer Protocol have been required to publish content on the Web, and thus, early Web users tend to be hackers and computer enthusiasts. In 2010, the majority were interactive Web 2.0 sites, allowing visitors to leave comments online, and this interactivity distinguished them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also often build social relationships with other readers and bloggers. However, there are high reader blogs that do not allow comments.
Many blogs comment on certain topics or topics, from politics to sports. Others serve as a more personal online diary, and others work more as an online brand advertisement of a particular individual or company. Plain blogs combine text, digital images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related topics. The reader's ability to leave comments publicly visible, and interact with other commentators, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. However, blog or author owners often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are mainly textual, though some focus on art (art blog), photos (photoblog), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (blog MP3), and audio (podcast). In education, blogs can be used as a learning resource. These blogs are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring a very short post.
On February 16, 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs available. On February 20, 2014, there are about 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs around the world. According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service in use today. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics. Technorati registered 1.3 million blogs on February 22, 2014.
Video Blog
Histori
The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger on December 17, 1997. The short form, "blog", created by Peter Merholz, jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog on his sidebar Peterme.com blog in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs uses "blog" as a noun and verb ("to blog", meaning "to edit someone's weblog or to post to weblog of a person ") and find the term" blogger "in connection with Blogger Pyra Labs products, leading to the term popularization.
Origins
Before blogging became popular, the digital community took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, Byte Information Exchange (BIX) and early CompuServe, email lists, and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, making conversations run with "threads". Thread is a topical connection between messages on the virtual "corkboard". From June 14, 1993, Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained the "What's New" list of their new website, updated daily and archived every month. The page is accessible by the "What's New" button specialized in the Mosaic web browser.
Modern blogs evolve from online diaries, where people will keep accounts that run from events in their personal lives. Most such writers call themselves as diarist, journalist, or journalist. Justin Hall, who started personal blogging in 1994 when a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the previous bloggers, such as Jerry Pournelle. Dave Scripting News is also recognized as one of the longer and longer running weblogs. The Netguide Australia magazine runs the Daily Net News on their website from 1996. The Daily Net News contains daily links and reviews about the new website, mostly in Australia.
Another early blog is Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online online diary of one's personal life that combines text, digital video and digital images transmitted directly from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a website in 1994. This semi-automated blogging practice with live video together with the text referred to as sousveillance, and such journals are also used as evidence in legal matters. Initial blogs are just components that are manually updated from a public Website. However, the evolution of electronic devices and software to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order makes the publishing process workable for a much larger, less technical population. Ultimately, this results in a different online publishing class that generates blogs that we recognize today. For example, the use of some browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by a dedicated blog hosting service, or they can be run using blog software, or on a regular web hosting service. Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, which began in 1997, actually refer to their online presence as zines, before the blog term enters general usage.
Increase in popularity
After a slow start, blogging quickly became popular. The spread of blog usage during 1999 and subsequent years, which was increasingly popularized by the almost simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tool:
- Bruce Ableson launched the Open Diary in October 1998, which later developed into thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovates reader comments, becoming the first blog community where readers can add comments to other blog authors' posts.
- Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
- Andrew Smales made Pitas.com in July 1999 an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on the Web site, followed by DiaryLand in September 1999, focusing more on the private diary community.
- Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched Blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)
Political impact
An early milestone in the increasing importance of blogs appeared in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by US Senate Main Leader Trent Lott. Senator Lott, at a party honoring US Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would be better off if Thurmond was elected president. Lott's critics see these comments as the tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy backed by Thurmond's presidential campaign in 1948. This view is reinforced by documents and interview recordings unearthed by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's
Similarly, blogs are one of the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal. To wit: (Television journalist) And Rather presented the document (on the CBS event 60 Minutes ) as opposed to the account received from the records of President Bush's military service. Blogger declares the document a forgery and presents evidence and arguments to support that view. As a result, CBS apologized for what it said was inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers see this scandal as the emergence of blogging by the mass media, both as a source of news and opinions and as a means of applying political pressure. The impact of these stories gives greater credibility to the blog as a medium of news spread. Although often seen as partisan gossip, bloggers sometimes take the lead in bringing key information into the public spotlight, with mainstream media having to follow in their footsteps. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by mainstream media. Meanwhile, more and more blogging experts, making blogs as a source of in-depth analysis.
In Russia, some political bloggers are starting to challenge the dominance of the official media, which is very pro-government. Bloggers like Rustem Adagamov and Alexei Navalny have many followers and recent epithets for the ruling United Russia party because "the party of thieves" has been adopted by anti-regime protesters. This led to the Wall Street Journal calling Navalny "the most feared person Vladimir Putin" in March 2012.
Mainstream popularity
In 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly common, as political consultants, news services, and candidates began using it as a tool for outreach and opinion formation. Blogging was founded by politicians and political candidates to express opinions about wars and other issues and unify the role of blogs as a source of news. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Even politicians are not actively campaigning, as the British Labor MP, Tom Watson, begins to establish relationships with constituents. In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers whose business people "can not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.
Israel was one of the first national governments to establish an official blog. Under David Saranga, the Israeli Foreign Ministry has become active in adopting Web 2.0 initiatives, including official video blogs and political blogs. The Foreign Ministry also held a microblogging news conference via Twitter about its war with Hamas, with Saranga answering questions from the public in the abbreviation of a common text message during a live news conference across the globe. The questions and answers were then posted on IsraelPolitics, the country's official political blog.
The impact of blogging on mainstream media has also been recognized by the government. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry has slumped to the point that some newspaper companies filed for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers in the same circular region. The discussion surfaced, whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. US President Barack Obama acknowledged the influence that comes from blogging against the public by saying "if the direction of the news is all the blogosphere, all opinions, without serious factual inspection, no serious effort to put the story in context, then what you will end up getting is the person people shouting across the void but not much understanding ". Between 2009 and 2012, Orwell's prize for blogging is given.
Maps Blog
Type
Due to the increasing popularity of blogging, the commercialization of blogging has increased considerably. Many companies and companies collaborate with bloggers to increase advertising and engage online communities with their products. In the book Fans, Bloggers and Gamers , Henry Jenkins states that "Bloggers take knowledge in their own hands, enabling successful navigation within and between this emerging culture of knowledge." One can see behaviors such as cooptation.The culture of commodities so far has sometimes collaborated with corporate interests, but one can also see it as increasing the cultural diversity of the media, providing opportunities for greater inclusiveness, and making it more responsive to consumers. "
Popularity
As of 2008, blogs have become a mania that new blogs are created every second every minute every hour of every day. Researchers have been actively analyzing the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are basically two sizes of this: popularity through quotes, as well as popularity through affiliates (ie, blogroll). The basic conclusion of the blog structure study is that while it takes time for blogs to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can increase in popularity faster, and may show more popularity and authority than blogrolls, as they show that people actually read blog content and consider it valuable or worthy of note in certain cases.
The blogdex project was launched by researchers at MIT Media Lab to surf the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs to investigate their social properties. Information has been collected by this tool for more than four years, as long as it autonomously tracks the most contagious information that spreads in the blog community, ranking it based on up to date and popularity. Therefore, it can be regarded as the first instantiation of a memetracker. This project was replaced by tailrank.com which in turn has been replaced by spinn3r.com.
Blogs are rated by Alexa Internet (web hit Alexa Toolbar user), and previously by the Technorati blog search engine based on the number of incoming links (Technorati stopped doing this in 2014). In August 2006, Technorati found that most Internet-related blogs were Chinese actress Xu Jinglei. Chinese media Xinhua reported that the blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it as the most popular blog in the world. Technorati rated Boing Boing to be a blog written by the most read group.
Blurring with mass media
Many bloggers, especially those involved in participative journalism, are amateur journalists, and thus distinguish themselves from professional journalists and editors working in major media organizations. Other bloggers are media professionals who publish online, rather than through TV stations or newspapers, either in addition to the presence of traditional media (for example, organizing radio shows or writing columns in paper newspapers), or as the only journalistic outcomes. Some agencies and organizations view blogs as a means of "getting around the filtering" of "gatekeeper" media and pushing their messages straight to the public. Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs - more than 300, according to the J-blog CyberJournalist.net list. The first known use of a blog on the news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published the one that annexed Hurricane Bonnie.
Some bloggers have moved to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (widely known by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas ZÃÆ'ºniga (Kos Daily), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging), Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette), Nate Silver (FiveThirtyEight.com), and Ezra Klein (Ezra Klein blog at The American Prospect, now in Washington Post). In contrast, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies the personality of the mass media that has moved in another direction, increasing its reach in the "old media" by becoming an influential blogger. Similarly, it is Preparedness and Safety Tips On Air and Online blog articles that captured the attention of Surgeon General of the United States Richard Carmona and earned praise for the broadcast associated by talk show host Lisa Tolliver and Westchester Emergency Volunteers Reservation-Corps Medical Corps Director Marianne Partridge.
Blogs also have an influence on minority languages, bringing together disseminated speakers and students; this is mainly with blogs in Gaelic. Minority language publications (which may be less economic viability) can find their audience via cheap blogging. There are several examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, for example, Salam Pax, Ellen Simonetti, Jessica Cutler, ScrappleFace. Blog-based books have been named blook. Prizes for best blog-based books began in 2005, the Lulu Blooker Prize. However, offline success has been elusive, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Books based on Julie Powell's "The Julie/Julia Project" blog made into Julie & amp; Julia , apparently the first to do it.
Consumer-generated ads
Consumer-generated advertising is a relatively new and controversial development, and has created a new marketing communication model from business to consumer. Among the various forms of advertising on blogs, the most controversial is the sponsored posts. This is a blog post or post and may be in the form of feedback, reviews, opinions, videos, etc. And usually contains links back to the desired site using keywords or multiple keywords. Blogs have led to some disintermediation and breakdown of traditional advertising models, where companies can skip the advertising agencies (formerly the only interface with customers) and contact customers directly through social media websites. On the other hand, new companies specializing in blog advertising have been established, to capitalize on these new developments as well. However, there are many people who look negatively at this new development. Some believe that any kind of commercial activity on the blog will undermine the credibility of the blogosphere.
Creating a blog
To create a blog, one can use popular blogging platforms like WordPress and Blogger, both have free plans.
Blogging can generate various legal obligations and other unforeseen consequences.
Defamation or liability
Several cases have been filed in national courts against bloggers regarding defamation or accountability issues. US payments linked to blogs totaled $ 17.4 million in 2009; in some cases it has been covered by umbrella insurance. The court has returned with a mixed verdict. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information coming from third parties (U.S. Communication Communications Act and EU Directive 2000/31/EC). In Doe v. Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court stated that strict standards must be met to unmask anonymous bloggers, and also take the unusual step of abandoning the defamation case itself (as unfounded under American defamation laws ) rather than referring back to court for review. In a strange change, Cahill was able to get John Doe's identity, which turned out to be the person they suspected: the city mayor, Cahill Council's political rival. Cahill changed their original complaint, and the mayor resolved the case rather than go to court.
In January 2007, two leading Malaysian political bloggers, Jeff Ooi and Ahirudin Attan, were sued by pro-government newspapers, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira on alleged defamation. Plaintiffs are supported by the Malaysian government. Following the lawsuit, the Malaysian government proposes to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia in order to control the better parties against their interests. This is the first legal case against bloggers in this country. In the United States, Aaron Wall blogger was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and trade secret publication in 2005. According to Wired magazine Traffic Power has been "banned from Google for allegedly cheating search engine results." Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants have exposed the Traffic Power in what they claim to be an effort to protect the public. The case was rejected for lack of personal jurisdiction, and the Traffic Power failed to appeal within the time allowed.
In 2009, NDTV issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Kunte for a blog post that criticized their coverage of the Mumbai attacks. Blogger unconditionally withdrew his position, leading some Indian bloggers to criticize NDTV for trying to silence criticism.
Jobs
Employees who blog about their workplace elements may start to affect their employer's reputation, either in a positive way, if employees praise their employers and workplace, or in a negative way, if bloggers make negative comments about the company or its practices.
In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity proved ineffective. In 2009, a controversial and important decision by The Hon. Mr. Justice Eady refused to give orders to protect the anonymity of Richard Horton. Horton is a British police officer who blogs about his work under the name "NightJack".
Delta Air Lines fired Ellen Simonetti from the flight attendant because she posted a picture of herself in uniform on the plane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" deemed inappropriate by the employer. This case highlights the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus the rights and responsibilities of the employer, and therefore receives wide media attention. Simonetti takes legal action against the airline for "wrong termination, defamation and lost wages in the future". The lawsuit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings.
In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a senior lecturer at the London School of Economics, was instructed by his department's convenor to "erase and destroy" his blog where he discussed the quality of education at school.
Mark Jen ended in 2005 after 10 days working as an assistant product manager at Google to discuss company secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on Google's Blogger service. He blogs about unreleased products and corporate finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he fulfilled his employer's request to remove sensitive material from his blog.
In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his post questioned the claims made by the management school. Jessica Cutler, aka "The Washingtonienne", wrote a blog about her sex life while working as a congressional assistant. After the blog was found and he was fired, he wrote a novel based on his experience and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel . In 2006, Cutler was sued by one of his former lover in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obliged to protect the privacy of their real-life counterparts.
Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. Petite Anglaise, lost his job in Paris at a British accounting firm for blogging. Although given on the blog in a fairly anonymous way, some descriptions of the company and some people are less flattering. Sanderson later won a lawsuit against the British company, however.
On the other hand, Penelope Trunk wrote an optimistic article on Boston Globe in 2006, titled "Blog 'important' for a good career". He was one of the first journalists to show that most bloggers are professionals and that well-written blogs can help attract entrepreneurs.
Business owner
Business owners who blog about their business can also experience legal consequences. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the pitch and on his blog.
Political danger
Blogging can sometimes lead to unpredictable consequences in politically sensitive areas. In some countries, Internet police or secret police can monitor blogs and detain blog authors from commentators. Blogs can be more difficult to control than broadcast or print media, because one can create a blog whose authorship is difficult to trace, using anonymity technology like Tor. As a result, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or punish those who defend them.
In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese were imprisoned under state anti-fraud laws for posting anti-Muslim comments on their blogs. Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and Islamic institutions through his blog. This is the first time in Egyptian history that a blogger is prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to three years in jail for insulting Islam and instigating sedition, and a year to insult Mubarak. Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writing on his blog. Monem is a banned Muslim Brotherhood member. After the Egyptian revolution 2011, Egyptian blogger Maikel Nabil Sanad was charged with insulting the military for articles he wrote on his personal blog and was sentenced to 3 years.
After expressing his opinion on his personal blog about the state of Sudan's armed forces, Jan Pronk, the UN Special Representative for Sudan, was given a three-day notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army demanded his deportation. In Myanmar, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in prison for posting a critical cartoon against the head of state Than Shwe.
Personal security
One consequence of blogging is the possibility of an online attack or a direct attack or threat to the blogger, sometimes for no apparent reason. In some cases, bloggers face cyberbullying. Kathy Sierra, the author of "Creating Passionate Users" blog, is a target of misogynous threats and insults to the point that she cancels her keynote address at a technology conference in San Diego, worrying about her safety. Although the anonymity of bloggers is often tenuous, Internet trolls that would attack a blogger with threat or humiliation can be reinforced by the anonymity of the online environment, where some users are only known by pseudonymous "usernames" (eg, "Hacker1984"). Sierra and supporters started an online discussion aimed at fighting rough online behavior and developing the Blogger Code of Ethics, which sets the rules for online behavior in the space.
Behavior
Blogger Code of Ethics is a proposal by Tim O'Reilly for bloggers to uphold courtesy on their blogs by being civil own and moderating comments on their blogs. The code was proposed in 2007 because of a threat made to blogger Kathy Sierra. The idea of ​​this code was first reported by BBC News, which quotes O'Reilly saying, "I think we need some code of behavior around acceptable behavior, I hope that it does not come through any rules will come through self-regulation."
O'Reilly and the others came up with a list of seven proposed ideas:
- Accept responsibility not just for your own words, but for comments you've allowed on your blog.
- Label your tolerance level for rude comments.
- Consider eliminating anonymous comments.
- Ignore the troll.
- Take conversations offline, and speak directly, or find an intermediate who can do it.
- If you know someone who is behaving badly, let them know.
- Do not say anything online that you do not personally say.
These ideas are thought to be heavily discussed on the Web and in the media. While the internet continues to grow, with online activity and discourse taking only in both positive and negative ways in blogging interactions, the proposed Code has attracted wider attention to the need to monitor blogging activity and social norms as important as online. as offline.
See also
References
Further reading
- Alavi, Nasrin. We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs , Soft Skull Press, New York, 2005. ISBNÃ, 1-933368-05-5.
- Bruns, Axel, and Joanne Jacobs, eds. Blog Usage , Peter Lang, New York, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0-8204-8124-6.
- Blood, Rebecca. "Weblogs: A History and Perspective". "Rebecca's Pocket".
- Kline, David; Burstein, Dan. Blog !: How The Latest Media Revolution Changed Politics, Business and Culture , Squibnocket Partners, L.L.C., 2005. ISBNÃ, 1-59315-141-1.
- Gorman, Michael. "Revenge of the Blog People!". Library Journal .
- Ringmar, Erik. Blogger Manifesto: Speech and Censorship Free in the Internet Age (London: Anthem Press, 2007).
- Rosenberg, Scott, Say Everything: how to start blogging, what it becomes, and why it matters , New York: Crown Publisher, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-45136-1 Weinberger, David (August 31, 2015), "Why blogging is still important", Boston Globe
- Blog For BLogger- Launch Your Blog Today By Gpatrika [Jan 2018]
External links
- Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Edition 2, Page 127-136 blog, Lies and Doocing by Sylvia Kierkegaard (2006)
- Legal Guide for bloggers by the Electronic Frontier Foundation
- Blawgs Legal Legal Library Web Archive of the US Congress Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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