Piping is a system that delivers fluid for various applications. Pipes use pipes, valves, pipe fittings, tanks, and other equipment to drain the liquid. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste disposal, and drinking water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but are not limited to this application. This word is derived from Latin for lead, lead, because the first effective pipe used in the Roman era was a tin pipe.
In developed countries, pipeline infrastructure is essential for public health and sanitation. Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers, although they work with pipelines as part of their trade, but their work may include several pipes.
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Histori
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Romans, Persians, Indians and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide drinking water and wastewater disposal, for more people. Standard ground pipe pipe with wide flange using asphalt to prevent leakage appeared in urban settlement Indus Valley Civilization in 2700 BC. The Romans used tin pipe inscriptions to prevent theft of water. The word "plumber" comes from the Roman Empire. Latin to lead is lead . Roman roofs use lead in drains and drainage pipes and some are also covered with lead, lead is also used for piping and for making baths.
Plumbing reached its early peak in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of an expansive drainage system, the disposal of tile wastewater, and the widespread use of tin pipes. With the fall of Rome, stagnant water supply and sanitation - or retreat - for over 1,000 years. Improvements were very slow, with little effective progress being made until the growth of densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, public health authorities began to press for better disposal systems to install, to prevent or control disease epidemics. Previously, the sewerage system consisted only of collecting garbage and dumping it on the ground or into the river. Finally the development of separate water and sewage systems, eliminated open sewer ditches and septic tanks.
Most of today's cities deliver solid waste to sewage plants to separate and purify some of the water before emptying streams or other bodies of water. For drinking water use, galvanized iron pipes are common in the United States from the late 1800s to about 1960. After that period, copper pipes take over, the first soft copper with blazing fittings, then with rigid copper pipes using fitted fittings.
The use of tin for drinking water declined sharply after World War II due to increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At present, copper piping is introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead the pipeline.
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System
The main categories of piping systems or subsystems are:
- hot and cold drinkable tap water supply
- vent pipeline
- sewerage systems and septic systems with or without hot water recycling as well as recovery and gray water treatment systems
- Rainwater, surface, and underground water drainage
- gas fuel pipeline
- hydronics, a heating and cooling system that utilizes water to transport heat energy, such as in district heating systems, such as the New York City steam system.
Water pipe
Water pipes are pipes or tubes, often made of plastic or metal, which carry pressurized fresh water and are treated to the building (as part of the city's water system), as well as inside the building.
History
For centuries, tin is the preferred material for water pipes, because its flexibility makes it practical to work into the desired shape. (Such use is so common that the word "plumbing" comes from
Although ordinary people use tin pipes in Rome, their waterways rarely poison people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, Roman water contains so much calcium in it that the plaque layer prevents water from contacting the tin itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of lead poisoning, especially among those who will have easy access to tap water. This is the unfavorable outcome of lead used in cookware and in addition to processed foods and beverages, for example as a preservative in wine. The inscription of a Roman tin pipe provides information about its owner to prevent water theft.
Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed out logs, sharpened at the ends with tiny holes in which water would pass through. The double pipes are then sealed along with the fat of the hot animal. They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s, and wooden tubes were built widely used in the United States during the 20th century. These pipes, used as substitutes for corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes, are made from pieces cut from short wood. Locking the ring adjacent to the wooden dowel pin produces a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes are installed during WW2 in drainage sewers, gullies and drainage ducts, under highways and in army camps, naval stations, airfields and weaponry factories.
Cast iron and ductile iron pipes are a cheaper alternative to copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings should be used where transitions should be made to other metal pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion due to reactions electrochemistry between different metals (see galvanic cells).
Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.
Difference between pipes and tubes
The difference between pipe and tube is only by the way of its size. PVC pipes for pipe applications and galvanized steel pipes, for example, are measured in IPS (iron pipe size). Copper tubes, CPVC, PeX and other tubes are measured nominally, which is basically an average diameter. This size scheme allows for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For example, 1/2 "PEX pipes are the same size as 1/2" copper tubes. 1/2 "PVC on the other hand is not the same size as the 1/2" tubing, and therefore requires either male or female threaded adapter to connect them. When used in agricultural irrigation, a single "pipe" form is often used as a plural.
Pipes are available in rigid "joints", which come in varying lengths depending on the material. Tubing, especially copper, is provided with hard "joints" or hard temperatures (annealing). PEX and CPVC pipes are also fitted with "connections" or rigid flexible rolls. Copper Temperament, ie whether it is a rigid "joint" or flexible roll, does not affect size.
The thickness of the water pipe and tube wall may vary. The thickness of the pipe wall is represented by various schedules or for large polyethylene bore pipes in the UK by Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), which is defined as the ratio of pipe diameter to wall thickness. The thickness of the pipe wall increases as scheduled, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. Schedule is highly determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressure ordering larger thickness. Copper pipes are available in four wall thicknesses: DWV type (thinnest wall, permitted only as disposal pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin: usually only allowed as an IPC drain pipe), type 'L' (thicker, standard tasks for waterways and water services), and type 'K' (the thickest, usually used underground between the main and the meter). Because pipes and tubes are commodities, having a larger wall thickness implies a higher initial cost. Thick-walled pipes generally imply greater durability and higher pressure tolerance.
The thickness of the wall does not affect the size of the pipe or tubing. 1/2 "L copper has an outer diameter equal to 1/2" K or M copper. The same goes for plumbing schedules. As a result, a slight increase in the loss of pressure is realized due to decreased flow flow due to increased wall thickness. In other words, 1 foot of copper 1/2 "L has a volume of less than 1 foot 1/2 M of copper.
Materials
Ancient water systems rely on gravity for water supplies, using pipes or ducts usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollow wooden rods wrapped in steel wire are used for pipes, especially water channels. Wood was used for water distribution in the UK nearly 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed-out beams in the late 1700s until the 1800s. Nowadays, most pipe supply pipes are made of steel, copper, and plastic; mostly garbage (also known as "land") of steel, copper, plastics, and cast iron.
The straight part of the pipe system is called "pipe" or "tube". A pipe is usually formed through casting or welding, while the pipe is made through extrusion. Pipes usually have thicker walls and can be threaded or welded, while tubes are thin-walled and require special incorporation techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, welding solvents. The joining techniques are discussed in more detail in pipe articles and pipe fittings.
Steel
The water supply pipe and galvanized steel distribution pipe are commonly found with a nominal pipe size of 3 / 8 inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches ( 51 mm). It is rarely used today for the construction of new housing pipelines. Steel pipes have a standard National Thread Thread (NPT) tapered thread of men, which is connected with female tapered yarns on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known only as "galv" or "iron" in the pipe trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to the weight and requirements of a pipeline threader. It is still commonly used for the repair of existing "galv" systems and to meet the non-combustible requirements of building codes normally found in hotels, apartment buildings, and other commercial applications. It is also very durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for sprinklers of fire and natural gas.
Most typical single-family home systems do not require a larger pipeline supply of 3 / 4 inch (19 mm) due to cost and also steel tendency piping becomes blocked from the internal rust and mineral deposits formed in the pipe's interior over time after the internal galvanized zinc coating has been degraded. In drinking water distribution services, galvanized steel pipe has a lifetime of 30 to 50 years, though it is uncommon because it is lacking in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.
Copper
Copper and tubing pipes are widely used for domestic water systems in the second half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in copper prices, thus increasing demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel.
Plastic
Plastic pipes are widely used for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipes. Main types include: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical for production until 1926, when Waldo Semon from BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipes began to be produced in the 1940s and were widely used for Drain-Waste-Vent pipes during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan after World War II. In the 1950s, plastic manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began to manufacture acrylonitrile butadiene styrene pipes (ABS). Methods for producing crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) were also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and equipment used. PVC/CPVC - a rigid plastic pipe similar to a PVC drain pipe but with thicker walls to handle city water pressure, was introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and has become a common substitute for piping metal. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for ventilation. CPVC can be used for hot and cold drinking water supply. Connections are made with primers and cement solvents as required by the code.
Current water supply systems use high-pressure pumping networks, and building pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastics (especially crosslinked polyethylene called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes), or materials other non-toxic. Due to its toxicity, most cities moved from tin supply pipes in 1920 in the United States, although tin pipes had been approved by the national pipeline code into the 1980s, and tin was used in piped water connections until it was banned in 1986. Channels disposal and ventilation made of plastic, steel, cast iron, or tin.
Gallery
Components
In addition to the length of pipes or tubes, pipe fittings are used in piping systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. Pipes and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping.
The plumbing equipment is a water-based exchange device that can be connected to a building pipe system. They are considered "fixtures", because they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, usually not owned or maintained separately. The pipe fittings are visible to and designed for end users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utilities and sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, moisturizers, air washers, fountains, and eyewashers.
Sealants
Threaded pipe joints are sealed with screw seals or dope pipes. Many plumbing fixtures are closed for surface mounting them with plumber putty.
Tools and equipment
Pipe equipment includes devices that are often hidden behind walls or in utility rooms that are not seen by the general public. These include water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, backflow prevention, water filters, UV sterilization lamps, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.
There are many tools that a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple pipe tasks can be completed with some common hand tools, other more complicated jobs require specialized tools, specifically designed to make the job easier.
Special pipe tools include pipe locks, forceps, visum pipes, pipe bending machines, pipe cutters, dies, and joining tools such as torch solder and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help repairers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use video cameras for leak inspections or hidden problems, they use a hydro jet, and a high-pressure hydraulic pump connected to a steel cable for ditch channel re-ditch.
Flooding due to excessive rain or clogged sewers may require special equipment, such as heavy duty pumper trucks designed to suck raw waste.
Problem
Bacteria have been shown to live in "pipeline systems". The latter refers to "pipes and fixtures in buildings that carry water to the tap after being delivered by utility". Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera, but "pathogens of opportunistic pipelines" have been recognized recently; Legionella pneumophila discovered in 1976, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly traced bacteria, in which people with depressed immunity can inhale or swallow and may be infected. These opportunistic pathogens can be grown eg in faucet, shower head, water heater and along wall of pipe. The reasons that support their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residue, and heating cycle". A high surface-to-volume ratio, ie a relatively large surface area allows bacteria to form biofilms, which protect them from disinfection.
Rule
Most of the plumbing work in residential areas is governed by government or quasi-governmental institutions because it has a direct impact on the health, safety, and welfare of the people. Pipeline installation and repair work on residential and other buildings should generally be done in accordance with the pipes and building codes to protect the occupants of the building and to ensure safe and quality construction for future buyers. If a permit is required for work, the pipe contractor usually secures it from the authorities on behalf of the owner of the house or building.
In the UK, professional bodies are the Pluging and Heating Engineering Institutions (charitable status of education) and it is true that trade remains indivisible; there is no system to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or homeowners who choose to install and maintain their own work, even if health and safety issues arise from the work when they are done wrong; see Plumbing Health Aspects (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Plumbing Council (WPC). WPC then appoints a representative for the World Health Organization to continue various projects related to the Plumbing Health Aspects.
In the United States, pipe codes and licenses are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines on what is a pipeline and lead-free pipeline, to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Law.
Some of the most widely used Standards in the United States are:
- ASME A112.6.3 - Channels and Traps
- ASME A112.6.4 - Roof Channels, Deck, and Balcony Water Channel
- ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 - Pipe Supply Equipment
- ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 - Enamelled Cast Iron and Enamelled Steel Pipe Fittings
- ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 - Ceramic Pipe Fittings
See also
References
Note
Further reading
- Teresi, Dick (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - from Babylonians to the Maya . New York: Simon & amp; Schuster. pp.Ã, 351-352. ISBNÃ, 0-684-83718-8. < span>
External links
- Media related to Plumbing in Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of plumbing in Wiktionary
- Quotes related to Plumbing in Wikiquote
- Pipes in Wikibooks
- Case Study of ATSDR in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Lead Water Pipeline and Baby Death in Massachusetts Turn-of-the-Century
- Case Study in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity
- ToxFAQ: Lead
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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