Suicide is a deliberate act of causing one's death. Risk factors include mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and substance abuse - including alcoholism and the use of benzodiazepines. Other suicides are impulsive actions due to stress such as from financial difficulties, problems with relationships, or bullying. Those who previously attempted suicide were at a higher risk for future ventures. Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to suicidal methods - such as firearms, drugs, and toxins; treat mental disorders and substance abuse; proper media reporting of suicide; and improve economic conditions. Although a crisis hotline is common, there is little evidence for its effectiveness.
The most frequently used methods of suicide vary between countries, and some are related to the availability of effective means. Common suicidal methods include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms. The suicide resulted in 828,000 global deaths by 2015, up from 712,000 deaths in 1990. This made suicide the 10th leading cause of death worldwide.
About 0.5-1.4% of people die from suicide, about 12 per 100,000 people per year. Three quarters of global suicides occur in developing countries. The rate of suicide completed is generally higher in men than in women, ranging from 1.5 times more in developing countries to 3.5 times in developed countries. Suicide is generally most common among those over the age of 70; However, in certain countries, those between the ages of 15 and 30 are at the highest risk. Europe has the highest suicide rates by region in 2015. There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal suicide cases each year. Non-fatal suicide attempts can cause long-term injuries and disabilities. In the Western world, efforts are more common in young people and women.
The view of suicide has been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion, honor, and the meaning of life. The Abrahamic religions traditionally regard suicide as a transgression against God, because of the belief in the sanctity of life. During the samurai era in Japan, a form of suicide known as seppuku ( harakiri ) was respected as a tool to replace failure or as a form of protest. Sati, a practice banned by British Raj, expects the Indian widow to commit suicide at the funeral of her husband, either voluntarily or under pressure from family and society. Suicide and suicide attempts, while previously illegal, are no longer so in most Western countries. It remains a criminal offense in many countries. In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicides have been used on rare occasions as a form of protest, and kamikaze and suicide bombs have been used as military or terrorist tactics.
Video Suicide
Definition
Suicide, from the Latin suicidium, is the "act of taking its own life". An attempted suicide or non-fatal suicide behavior is self-injurious with a desire to end a life that does not result in death. Assisted suicide is when an individual helps others bring their own death indirectly through giving advice or means to the end. This is different from euthanasia, where others take a more active role in bringing someone's death. The idea of ​​suicide is the thought of ending one's life but not taking an active effort to do so. In suicide-killing (suicide-suicide), the individual aims at taking the lives of others at the same time. A special case of this is the expansion of suicide, in which murder is motivated by seeing people who are killed as an extension of themselves.
Normal verbs in scientific research and journalism for suicide acts are commit . Some advocacy groups recommend to say completed suicide , take their own life , die for suicide , or i> i> instead of suicide . The opposite of doing argues that it implies that suicide is morally evil, sinful, or wrong.
Maps Suicide
Risk factors
Factors affecting suicide risk include mental disorders, drug abuse, psychological state, culture, family and social situation, and genetics. Mental disorders and substance abuse often occur together. Other risk factors include attempting suicide before, the availability of tools to take a person's life, family suicide history, or a traumatic brain injury. For example, suicide rates have been found to be greater in households with firearms than those who do not have them.
Socio-economic problems such as unemployment, poverty, homelessness, and discrimination can trigger suicidal thoughts. Approximately 15-40% of people leave a suicide note. War veterans have a higher risk of suicide due to higher rates of mental illness such as post traumatic stress disorder and physical health issues related to war. Genetics appears to account for between 38% and 55% of suicidal behaviors.
Mental disorders
Mental disorders are often present at suicide with estimates ranging from 27% to over 90%. In Asia, the level of mental disorder seems to be lower than in Western countries. Of those who have been treated in the psychiatric unit, their lifetime risk of suicide is about 8.6%. Half of all people who die of suicide may have major depressive disorder; having this or any of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20-fold. Other conditions involved include schizophrenia (14%), personality disorder (8%), bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Others estimated that about half of people who completed suicide could be diagnosed with a personality disorder with a threshold personality disorder is the most common. About 5% of people with schizophrenia die from suicide. Eating disorders are another high-risk condition.
In about 80% of completed suicides, the person has seen a doctor in the year before their death, including 45% in the previous month. About 25-40% of those who completed suicide had contact with mental health services in the previous year. SSRI type antidepressants seem to increase the risk of suicide in children but do not alter the risk in adults.
Previous attempts and self-harm
The history of previous suicide attempts is the most accurate predictor of suicide. About 20% of suicides have had previous attempts, and of those who have attempted suicide, 1% of total suicides in a year and over 5% die from suicide within 10 years. The act of self-harm is usually not a suicide attempt and most self-harmers are not at high risk for suicide. Some who hurt themselves, however, still end their lives by suicide, and the risk to self-harm and suicide may overlap.
Use of substance
Substance abuse is the second most common risk factor for suicide after severe depression and bipolar disorder. Both chronic substance abuse and associated acute intoxication. When combined with personal grief, like mourning, the risks are increasing. Substance abuse is also associated with mental health disorders.
Most people are under the influence of hypnotic tranquilizers (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) when they die of suicide with alcoholism that is between 15% and 61% of cases. The use of prescribed benzodiazepines is associated with an increase in suicide attempts. The prosuicidal effect of benzodiazepine is suspected due to psychiatric disorders caused by side effects or withdrawal symptoms. Countries that have higher levels of alcohol use and greater bar density generally also have higher suicide rates. About 2.2-3.4% of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their lives died of suicide. Alcoholics who try to commit suicide are usually male, older, and have tried to take their own lives in the past. Between 3 and 35% of deaths among those using heroin were due to suicide (about fourteen times greater than those who did not use). In adolescents who abuse alcohol, neurological and psychological dysfunction can contribute to an increased risk of suicide.
Abuse of cocaine and methamphetamine has a high correlation with suicide. In those who use cocaine, the risk is greatest during the withdrawal phase. Those who use inhalants are also at significant risk with about 20% attempting suicide at some point and over 65% considering it. Smoking cigarettes is associated with the risk of suicide. There is little evidence why these associations exist; However, it has been hypothesized that those who tend to smoke also tend to kill themselves, that smoking causes health problems that then make people want to end their lives, and the smoking that affects brain chemistry leads to suicidal tendencies. Cannabis, however, does not seem to independently increase the risk.
Gambling issues
The issue of gambling is associated with increased suicidal ideation and effort compared to the general population. Between 12 and 24% of pathologic gamblers attempt suicide. The suicide rates among their spouses are three times greater than the general population. Other factors that increase the risk in the problem of gamblers include mental illness, alcohol and drug abuse.
Medical condition
There is a connection between suicide and physical health problems such as chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, cancer, kidney failure (requires hemodialysis), HIV, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The diagnosis of cancer is about double the risk of suicide. Prevalence increased suicide after adjusting for depression and alcohol abuse. In people with more than one medical condition, the risk is very high. In Japan, health problems are listed as the main justification for suicide.
Sleep disturbances such as insomnia and sleep apnea are risk factors for depression and suicide. In some cases, sleep disorders may be an independent risk factor for depression. A number of other medical conditions may present with symptoms similar to mood disorders, including hypothyroidism, Alzheimer's, brain tumors, systemic lupus erythematosus, and side effects of a number of drugs (such as beta blockers and steroids).
A number of psychological states increase the risk of suicide including: despair, loss of pleasure in life, depression and anxiety. Poor ability to solve problems, loss of abilities one has had, and poor impulse control also play a role. In older adults, perception becomes a burden to others is important. Suicide where the reason is that the person feels that they are not part of the society known as selfish suicide. The suicide rate seems to decline around Christmas. However, one study found the risk was probably greater for men on their birthdays.
Recent life tensions such as loss of family or friends, loss of work, or social isolation (such as living alone) increase risk. Those who have never married are also at greater risk. Being religious can reduce a person's risk of suicide. This is attributed to the negative attitudes taken by many religions towards suicide and on the larger relationships that religion may offer. Muslims, among religious people, seem to have a lower suicide rate; but the supporting data is not strong. There seems to be no difference in the level of attempted suicide. Young women in the Middle East may have a higher level.
Some people may take their own life to avoid oppression or prejudice. A history of childhood sexual abuse and time spent in parenting are also risk factors. Sexual harassment is believed to account for about 20% of overall risk.
The evolutionary explanation for suicide is that it can improve inclusive fitness. This can happen if people who die of suicide can not have children anymore and take resources from relatives by staying alive. The objection is that death by healthy teenagers may not improve inclusive fitness. Adaptation to a very different ancestral environment may be maladaptive in today's environment.
Poverty is associated with the risk of suicide. Increased relative poverty compared to those around a person increases the risk of suicide. More than 200,000 farmers in India have died of suicide since 1997, partly because of debt problems. In China, suicide is three times as likely in rural areas as in urban areas, in part, believed, due to financial difficulties in this region of the country.
Media
The media, which includes the Internet, plays an important role. How it describes suicide may have a negative effect, with high-volume coverage, prominent, repeatedly glorifying or romanticizing suicide that has the greatest impact. When detailed descriptions of how to kill someone in a certain way are described, this method of suicide can increase in the population as a whole.
This suicide trigger or suicide suicide is known as the Werther effect, named after the protagonist character in Goethe The Sorrows of Young Werther who committed suicide and was then imitated by many admirers. that book. This risk is greater in adolescents who can romanticize death. It seems that news media has a significant effect; that the entertainment medium is vague. It is also not clear whether seeking information about suicide on the Internet is associated with suicide risk. The opposite of the Werther effect is the proposed Papageno effect , in which the scope of an effective coping mechanism may have a protective effect. The term is based on a character in the Mozart opera The Magic Flute, who (fearing losing a loved one) has planned to commit suicide until his friends help him. When the media follow suggested guidelines, the risk of suicide may decrease. Getting industry support, however, can be difficult, especially in the long run.
Rational
Rational suicide is the reason for taking on life alone, though others assume suicide is never rational. The act of taking one's life for the benefit of others is known as altruistic suicide. An example of this is an elder who ends his life to leave more food for younger people in the community. Suicide in some Inuit cultures has been seen as a measure of respect, courage, or wisdom.
A suicide attack is a political act in which an attacker violates another person whom they understand will lead to their own death. Some suicide bombers are motivated by the desire to get martyrdom. Kamikaze's mission is done as a duty to a higher cause or moral obligation. A suicide assassination is an act of murder that is followed within a week by the suicide of the person doing the act.
Mass suicides are often committed under social pressure in which members submit autonomy to a leader. Mass suicides can occur with at least two people, often referred to as suicide pacts.
In special situations where continuing life is intolerable, some people use suicide as a means of escape. Several inmates at the Nazi concentration camp are known to have committed suicide by deliberately touching an electric fence.
Method
The most varied methods of suicide in different countries. Leading methods in various areas include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms. These differences are believed to be in part due to the availability of different methods. A review of 56 countries found that hanging is the most common method in most countries, accounting for 53% of male suicides and 39% of female suicides.
Worldwide, 30% of suicides are thought to be due to pesticide poisoning, mostly in developing countries. The use of this method varies considerably from 4% in Europe to over 50% in the Pacific region. It is also common in Latin America because of the easy access in agricultural populations. In many countries, drug overdose causes about 60% of suicides among women and 30% among men. Many are unplanned and occur during an acute period of ambivalence. Death rates vary by method: firearms 80-90%, drowning 65-80%, hanging 60-85%, auto exhaust 40-60%, soaring 35-60%, charcoal burning 40-50%, pesticides 6-75% , and overdose drugs 1.5-4%. The most common method of suicide attempts is different from the most common methods of success; up to 85% of efforts through drug overdose in developed countries.
In China, pesticide consumption is the most common method. In Japan, self-disembowelment known as seppuku (or hara-kiri) still occurs; However, hanging and jumping are the most common. The jump to one's death is common in Hong Kong and Singapore respectively 50% and 80%. In Switzerland, firearms are the most common method of suicide committed in young men, but this method has declined relative since weapons became less common. In the United States, 57% of suicides involve the use of firearms, with this method somewhat more common in men than women. The next most common cause is to hang on to men and poison themselves to women. Together, hanging and poisoning is about 40% of US suicide (in 2005).
Pathophysiology
No underlying pathophysiology is known for suicide or depression. Nevertheless it is believed to result from interaction of behavioral, socio-environmental and psychiatric factors.
Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) are both directly linked to suicide and indirectly associated through its role in severe depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Post-mortem studies have found a decrease in BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, in those with and without psychiatric conditions. Serotonin, a brain neurotransmitter, is believed to be low in those who die from suicide. This is partly based on evidence of elevated levels of 5-HT2A receptor found after death. Other evidence includes decreased levels of serotonin-clearing products, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in cerebral spinal fluid. Direct evidence is difficult to collect. Epigenetics, the study of changes in genetic expression in response to environmental factors that do not alter the underlying DNA, is also believed to play a role in determining the risk of suicide.
Prevention
Suicide prevention is a term used for collective efforts to reduce incidence of suicide through preventive measures. Reducing access to certain methods, such as firearms or toxins can reduce the risk. Other measures include reducing access to charcoal (for burning) and obstacles on bridges and subway platforms. Treatment of addiction to drugs and alcohol, depression, and those who have attempted suicide in the past may also be effective. Some people suggest reducing access to alcohol as a prevention strategy (such as reducing the number of stems). Although the crisis hotline is common there is little evidence to support or deny its effectiveness. In young adults who recently thought about suicide, cognitive behavioral therapy appeared to improve outcomes. Economic development through its ability to reduce poverty may lower suicide rates. Efforts to improve social relationships, especially in older men, may be effective. World Suicide Prevention Day is observed annually on September 10 with the support of the International Association for Suicide Prevention and World Health Organization.
Screening
There is little data on the effect of general population screening on the highest suicide rate. Screening people who come to the emergency room with injuries from self-harm have been shown to help identify suicidal ideas and suicidal intentions. Psychometric tests such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Geriatric Depression Scale for older people are being used. Because there are high levels of people who test positive through these tools that are not at risk of suicide, there is a concern that screening can significantly increase the use of mental health care resources. However, assessing those at high risk is recommended. Asking about suicide does not seem to increase the risks.
Mental illness
In those with mental health problems some treatments may reduce the risk of suicide. Those who are actively suicidal can be treated in psychiatric care either voluntarily or unknowingly. Treasures that can be used to self harm are usually removed. Some doctors ask patients to sign a suicide prevention contract in which they agree not to hurt themselves if released. However, the evidence does not support the significant effect of this practice. If a person is at low risk, the outpatient mental health care can be arranged. Short-term hospitalizations have not been found to be more effective than community care to improve outcome in those with chronic suicide borderline personality disorder.
There is tentative evidence that psychotherapy, in particular, dialectical behavioral therapy reduces suicide in adolescents as well as in those with impaired personality disorders. It may also be useful in reducing suicide attempts in high-risk adults. But evidence has not found a completed suicide drop.
There is controversy surrounding the benefit-versus-hazards of antidepressants. In young people, some antidepressants, such as SSRIs, appear to increase the risk of suicide from 25 per 1,000 to 40 per 1,000. However, in older people, they can lower the risk. Lithium seems to effectively lower the risk in those with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression to levels similar to that of the general population. Clozapine may lower suicidal thoughts in some people with schizophrenia. In the United States, health professionals are legally required to take reasonable steps to try to prevent suicide.
Epidemiology
About 0.5% to 1.4% of people died of suicide, a death rate of 11.6 per 100,000 people per year. Suicide resulted in 842,000 deaths in 2013 rising from 712,000 deaths in 1990. The suicide rate has increased by 60% from the 1960s to 2012, with this increase seen mainly in developing countries. Globally, since 2008/2009, suicide is the number one cause of death. For every suicide that resulted in death there were between 10 and 40 suicide attempts.
Suicidal rates differ significantly between countries and over time. As a percentage of deaths in 2008: Africa 0.5%, Southeast Asia 1.9%, America 1.2% and Europe 1.4%. Rates per 100,000 are: Australia 8.6, Canada 11.1, China 12.7, India 23.2, United Kingdom 7.6, United States 11.4 and South Korea 28.9. It ranks as the leading cause of death 10 in the United States in 2009 at around 36,000 cases per year, with approximately 650,000 people seen in the emergency department each year for attempting suicide. The country's rate among men in their fifties increased almost half in the decade of 1999-2010. Lithuania, Japan, and Hungary have the highest rates. Approximately 75% of suicides occur in developing countries. The countries with the largest number of absolute suicide cases are China and India, accounting for more than half the total. In China, suicide is the fifth cause of death.
Gender and gender
Globally in 2012, suicide deaths occur about 1.8 times more often in men than in women. In the Western world, men die three to four times more often by suicide than women. This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with ten times as many men as women who die from suicide. Suicide and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among women. Researchers have linked the distinction between successful and unsettled suicide attempts between the sexes and men using a more deadly way to end their lives. However, separating the intentional attempted suicide of non-suicidal self-injury is not currently practiced in the United States when collecting statistics at the national level.
China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country in which it is higher than men (ratio 0.9). In the Eastern Mediterranean, suicide rates are almost equivalent between men and women. The highest female suicide rate is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high levels in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific in general.
Partly because of the social stigmatization and the resulting depression, people whose gender identity is not aligned with their assigned gender are at high risk for suicide.
A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among transgender, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Among transgender people from suicide attempts is about 40% compared with the general population level of 5%.
Age
In many countries, suicide rates are highest in middle age or elderly. But the absolute number of suicides is greatest among those aged 15 to 29 because of the number of people in this age group. In the United States it is the largest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, although younger people more often try to commit suicide. This is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young men is second only to accidental death. In young men in developed countries it is the cause of nearly 30% of deaths. In developing countries the rate is similar, but it makes a smaller proportion of overall mortality due to higher mortality rates than other types of trauma. In Southeast Asia, unlike the rest of the world, suicide deaths occur at a greater rate in younger women than in elderly women.
History
In ancient Athens, someone who committed suicide without the consent of the state was denied the honor of a normal funeral. The man will be buried alone, in the suburbs, without tombstones or markers. However, it is considered an acceptable method for dealing with military defeat. In Ancient Rome, when suicide was initially permitted, it was later considered a crime against the state because of its economic costs. Aristotle condemned all forms of suicide, while Plato was ambivalent. In Rome several reasons for suicide include voluntary deaths in the gladiator battle, guilt for killing someone, to save the lives of others, as a result of mourning, from the shame of being raped, and as an escape from an unbearable situation such as physical suffering, military defeat , or criminal pursuit.
Suicide came to be considered a sin in Christian Europe and condemned in the Council of Arles (452) as the work of Satan. In the Middle Ages, the Church has been discussing when the will to die a martyr is suicide, as in the case of the martyrs of CÃÆ'³rdoba. Apart from these disputes and formal decisions, Catholic doctrine was not fully resolved on the subject of suicide until the end of the 17th century. The criminal law issued by Louis XIV of France in 1670 was severe, even for those times: the dead man's corpse was pulled through the streets, facing down, and then hanged or thrown on a pile of garbage. In addition, all the people's property was confiscated.
Attitudes toward suicide slowly began to shift during the Renaissance. The work of John Donne Biathanatos, containing one of the first modern defenses of suicide, carries evidence of the behavior of biblical figures, such as Jesus, Samson and Saul, and presents arguments on the grounds and nature of suicide sanctions under certain circumstances.
The secularization of societies beginning in Enlightenment questions traditional religious attitudes toward suicide and brings a more modern perspective to the problem. David Hume denied that suicide is a crime because it does not affect anyone and potentially benefits the individual. In his 1777 Essay on Suicide and Immortality of the Soul he rhetorically asked, "Why should I prolong a sad existence, because of some of the frivolous gains that might be publicly received from me?" General public opinion shifts can also be seen; The Times in 1786 started a vigorous debate about the movement "Is suicide an act of courage?".
In the 19th century, suicidal actions have shifted from being seen as caused by sin to be caused by madness in Europe. Although suicide remains illegal during this period, it is increasingly the subject of satirical comments, such as the Comic Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado comics that insinuate the idea of ​​executing someone who has committed suicide.
In 1879, British law began to distinguish between suicide and murder, although suicide still resulted in the seizure of inheritance. In 1882, the deceased was allowed to be buried during the day in England and by the mid-20th century, suicide had become legal in much of the western world. The term suicide first appeared shortly before 1700 to replace the expression of self-mortality which is often characterized as a form of homicide in the West.
Social and cultural
Legislation
In most Western countries, suicide is no longer a crime. It was, however, in most Western European countries from the Middle Ages until at least the 1800s. This remains a criminal offense in most Muslim-majority countries.
In Australia, suicide is not a crime. It is, however, a crime to advise, incite, or assist and conspire with others in an attempt to commit suicide, and the law explicitly allows everyone to use "potentially necessary powers" to prevent others from taking their own lives. The Northern Territory of Australia briefly had suicide assisted by a law doctor from 1996 to 1997.
No country in Europe currently considers suicide or attempted suicide to be a crime. England and Wales decriminalized suicide through the 1961 Suicide Act and the Republic of Ireland in 1993. The word "commit" was used in connection with its illegal actions, but many organizations stopped it because of its negative connotations.
In India, suicide was once illegal and surviving families could face legal difficulties. The Government of India revokes this law by 2014. In Germany, active euthanasia is illegal and anyone present during suicide can be prosecuted for failing to provide assistance in an emergency. Swiss recently took steps to legalize assisted suicide for chronic mental illness. The high court in Lausanne, Switzerland, in its 2006 ruling, provided an anonymous individual with long psychiatric difficulties to end his own life.
In the United States, suicide is not illegal but may be related to punishment for those who try it. Doctoral assisted suicide is legal in Washington state for people with deadly diseases. In Oregon, people with terminal illness may ask for drugs to help end their lives.
Canadians who have attempted suicide may be banned from entering the United States. US law allows border guards to deny access to people with mental illness, including those who have attempted suicide before.
Religious view
In most forms of Christianity, suicide is considered a sin, especially based on the writings of influential Christian thinkers in the Middle Ages, such as Saint Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, but suicide was not considered a sin under the Byzantine Christian code of Justinian, for example. In Catholic doctrine, the argument is based on the command "Do not kill" (made valid under the New Testament by Jesus in Matthew 19:18), as well as the idea that life is a gift given by God that should not be rejected, and suicide is against " natural order "and thus disrupt God's master plan for the world. However, it is believed that mental illness or fear of suffering reduces the responsibility of the person who completed the suicide.
Judaism focuses on the importance of appreciating this life, and thus, suicide is tantamount to denying God's goodness in the world. However, in extreme circumstances when there seems to be no choice but to be killed or forced to betray their religion, the Jews have committed individual suicide or mass suicide (see Masada, the first Jewish Persecution of the Jews, and the York Palace as an example ) and as a gloomy reminder there is even a prayer in the Jewish liturgy for "when a knife is in the throat", for those who die "to sanctify the Name of God" (see Martyrdom). These actions have received mixed responses by the Jewish authorities, regarded by some as examples of heroic martyrdom, while others claim that it is wrong for them to take their own lives in anticipation of martyrdom.
The views of Islam against suicide. The Qur'an forbid it by saying "do not kill or destroy yourself". Hadith also states that individual suicide becomes a violation of law and sin. Stigma is often associated with suicide in Muslim countries.
In Hinduism, suicide is generally liked and considered as sinful as killing others in contemporary Hindu society. The Hindu scriptures state that people who die from suicide will become part of the spirit world, wandering on earth until one day one will die, no one taking his own life. However, Hinduism accepts the right of men to end a person's life through the practice of non-violent fasting to death, called Prayopavesa . But Prayopavesa is very limited to people who have no desire or ambition left, and no responsibility is left in this life. Jainism has a similar practice called Santhara . Sati, or self-immolation by widows, prevalent in Hindu society during the Middle Ages.
Philosophy
A number of questions arise in suicidal philosophy, including what constitutes suicide, whether suicide can be a rational choice, and moral permissibility to commit suicide. The argument about moral or social suicide acceptance ranges from the position that the act is inherently immoral and unacceptable under any circumstances by reason of suicide as a sacred right for anyone who believes that they are rationally and consciously comes to a decision to end their own lives, even if they are young and healthy.
Opponents of suicide include Christian philosophers such as Augustine Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant and, arguably, John Stuart Mill - Mill's focus on the importance of freedom and autonomy means that he rejects choices that would prevent a person from making future autonomous decisions. Others see suicide as a legitimate problem of personal choice. Supporters of this position maintain that no one should be forced to suffer against their desires, especially from conditions such as incurable diseases, mental illness, and old age, without the possibility of improvement. They reject the belief that suicide always makes no sense, on the grounds that suicide can be a legitimate last resort for those suffering from major illness or trauma. A stronger attitude would suggest that people should be allowed to autonomously choose to die regardless of whether they suffer. The main proponents of this school of thought include Scottish empiricist David Hume and American bioethicist Jacob Appel.
Advocacy
Suicide advocacy has occurred in many cultures and subcultures. The Japanese military during World War II encouraged and glorified the kamikaze attack, which was a suicide attack by Japanese military aviators of the Imperial Empire against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the World War II Pacific theater. The Japanese society as a whole has been described as "suicide tolerant" (see Suicide in Japan).
Search the internet for information about suicide web pages that 10-30% of time encourage or facilitate suicide attempts. There are some concerns that these sites can encourage those who tend to edge. Some people form suicide pacts online, either with existing friends or people they have recently encountered in chat rooms or message boards. The Internet, however, can also help prevent suicide by providing social groups to those who are isolated.
Location
Several famous buildings have been known for their high level of suicide attempts. These include San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, Japan's Aokigahara Forest, British Coast Chief, and Toronto Street Bloor Street.
In 2010, the Golden Gate Bridge has had more than 1,300 people dying of suicide by jumping since its construction in 1937. Many locations where suicide is commonplace has built barriers to prevent it; these include the Luminous Veil in Toronto, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne and the Empire State Building in New York City. They appear to be effective in general.
Important case
An example of mass suicide was the 1978 murder/suicide of Jonestown where 909 members of Peoples Temple, an American religious group led by Jim Jones, ended their lives by drinking Flavor Aid wine mixed with cyanide and various prescription drugs. Thousands of Japanese civilians took their own lives in the final days of the Saipan Battle in 1944, some jumping from "Suicide Cliff" and "Banzai Cliff".
The 1981 hunger strike, led by Bobby Sands, resulted in 10 deaths. The cause of death was recorded by coroners as "starvation, self-imposed" rather than suicide; this was modified only as a "starvation" on death certificates after protests from families of dead strikes. During World War II, Erwin Rommel was found to have knowledge of the July 20 Plot about Hitler's life; he was threatened with a general court, execution and retaliation against his family unless he committed suicide.
Other species
Because suicide requires a desperate attempt to die, some people feel that it can not be said to happen to nonhuman animals. Suicidal behavior has been observed in salmonella looking to address competing bacteria by triggering an immune system response to them. Worker suicide defenses are also noted in Brazilian ant Forelius pusillus, where a small group of ants leave the nest safety after sealing the entrance from outside every night.
Aphids, when threatened by ladybug, can blow themselves up, spread and protect their brothers and sometimes even kill ladybugs. Some species of termites have soldiers exploding, covering their enemies with sticky goo.
There are anecdotal reports about dogs, horses, and dolphins that kill themselves. However, there is little scientific study of animal suicide. Animal suicide is usually considered a romantic and generally considered unintentional human interpretation. Some of the reasons why animals are considered to be inadvertently committed suicide are: psychological stress, infection by certain parasites or fungi, or long-lasting social disorders, such as ending old relationships with the owner and thus not receiving food from others. individual.
References
Further reading
- Gambotto, Antonella (2004). The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide . Australia: Broken Ankle Books. ISBN: 0-9751075-1-8.
- Goeschel, Christian (2009). Suicide in Nazi Germany . Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-19-953256-7.
External links
- Suicide in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Prevent suicide: global imperative (PDF) . WHO. 2014. ISBN 9789241564779.
- Podcast Freakonomics: The Suicide Paradox
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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