A printing press is a tool for pressing on inked surfaces resting on print media (such as paper or cloth), thus transferring ink. This marks a dramatic increase in previous printing methods in which fabric, paper or other media is brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve ink transfers, and speeds up the process. Usually used for text, discovery and global spread of the printing press is one of the most influential events in the second millennium.
Johannes Gutenberg, a gold expert with profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies for printing purposes, as well as making his own inventions. Printing in East Asia has been prevalent since the Tang dynasty, and in Europe, the printing of logs based on existing screw presses was common in the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important innovation is the development of molds of hand-molded metal molds, resulting in mobile-based printing systems. The newly created handprint allows for the creation of precise and rapid removal of large quantities of removable metals. The movable type until now is not known in Europe. In Europe, two inventions, handprints and printing presses together drastically reduce the cost of printing books and other documents, especially in short prints.
The printing presses spread in decades to more than two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing machines operating throughout Western Europe had produced more than twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with pressure spreading further, their output rose tenfold to about 150 to 200 million copies. The press operation became synonymous with the printing company, and lent its name to a new media branch, "press".
In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical moving type printing introduced the era of mass communication, which permanently changed the structure of society. The circulation of information is relatively unlimited and the (revolutionary) ideas transcend the limits, capture the masses in the Reformation and threaten the forces of political and religious authority. The sharp increase in literacy breaks down the monopoly of educated elites about education and learning and supports the emerging middle class. Across Europe, increased cultural awareness of its people led to the emergence of proto-nationalism, and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages, to the detriment of Latin status as lingua franca. In the 19th century, the replacement of a hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered rotary press enabled industrial-scale printing.
Video Printing press
History
Intellectual economic and climate conditions
The rapid economic and socio-cultural developments of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for the improved printed version of Gutenberg: the entrepreneurial spirit of growing capitalism increasingly impacted medieval fashion production, fostered economic thinking and increased efficiency traditional work processes. The sharp rise in medieval and literate learning among the middle class led to an increasing demand for books whose copying methods took a long time away from accommodating.
Technological factors
Technologies that precede the press that lead to the invention of the press include: paper making, ink development, blocking of logs, and eyeglass distribution. At the same time, a number of medieval products and technological processes have reached a level of maturity that allows their potential use for printing purposes. Gutenberg takes this enormous strand, combining it into a complete and functioning system, and refining the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of its own:
Press the screw that allows direct pressure to be applied to the flat plane is very ancient at the time Gutenberg and used for various tasks. Introduced in the 1st century by the Romans, it is commonly used in agricultural production to suppress grape vines and oil fruits (olives), both of which are an integral part of the Mediterranean and medieval diet. The device is also used from scratch in urban context as a fabric press for printing patterns. Gutenberg may also be inspired by the emphasis paper that has spread throughout the German territory since the late 14th century and who works with the same mechanical principle.
Gutenberg adopts the basic design, thus mechanizing the printing process. Printing, however, puts a request on a machine very different from pressing. Gutenberg adjusts the construction so that the pressing forces provided by the plates in the paper are now applied uniformly and with the sudden elasticity required. To speed up the printing process, he introduced something that could be moved by the surface of the aircraft where the sheets could be quickly changed.
The concept of moving type was not new in the fifteenth century; moving type printing was invented in China during the Song dynasty, and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, in which moving-type printing technology was developed in 1234. In Europe, the sporadic evidence that the principle of typography, the idea of ​​creating a text by reusing individual characters , well understood and used in pre-Gutenberg Europe has emerged since the 12th century and probably earlier. Known examples range from German (Pracfing inscription) to English (letter tiles) to Italy. However, the various techniques used (printing, punching and assembling individual letters) do not have the perfection and efficiency needed to be widely accepted.
Gutenberg greatly improves the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate working steps. As a goldsmith, he creates pieces of his type from lead-based alloys that are perfectly suited to printing purposes so they are still in use today. Mass production of metal letters is achieved by the discovery of keys of special handprints, matrices. The Latin alphabet proved to be a great advantage in the process because, in contrast to the logographic writing system, it allowed the type-setters to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only about two dozen different letters.
Another factor that is conducive to printing emerges from existing books in the codex format, which dates from the Roman period. Considered the most important advance in the history of the book before its own printing, the codex has completely replaced the ancient scrolls in the early Middle Ages (500 AD). The codex has considerable practical advantages over the scroll format; it will be easier to read (by turning pages), more concise, less expensive, and, in particular, unlike scroll, both recto and verso can be used for writing - and printing.
The fourth development was the early success of medieval paper makers in the mechanization of paper making. The introduction of a water-powered paper mill, the first specific evidence dated to 1282, allows for massive expansion of production and replaces the grueling craft characteristics of both Chinese and Muslim paper making. The paper-making center began to breed in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; The paper-making center reached Germany a century later.
Although it appears that the final breakthrough of the paper relies heavily on the rapid spread of moving type molds. It is noteworthy that the parchment manuscript, which in terms of its superior quality than any other writing material, still has a substantial part in the Gutenberg edition of the 42-line Bible. After many experiments, Gutenberg successfully overcame the traditional water-based ink troubles caused by soaking the paper, and found a formula for oil-based inks suitable for high-quality printing with metal types.
Maps Printing press
Functions and approaches
The printing press, in its classical form, is a standing mechanism, ranging from 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) in length, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. Type, small metal letters that have letters raised on one end, arranged into pages and placed in frames to create a forme, which itself is placed on a flat rock, 'bed', or 'coffin'. This inked text uses two balls, the pads are mounted on the handle. The ball is made of the skin of a dog's skin, because it has no pores, and is filled with sheep and ink wool. This ink is then applied to the text evenly. A piece of wet paper is taken from a pile of paper and placed in a tympan. The paper is wet because it allows the type 'bite' into the paper better. The small pin holds the paper in place. This paper is now held between frisket and tympan (two frames covered with paper or parchment).
It is folded down, so the paper is located on the ink type surface. The bed is rolled under the plate, using the mechanism of the engine. A small rotary grip is used called 'rounce' to do this, and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the plate. To rotate the screw, the long handle attached to it is rotated. This is known as a bar or 'Devil's Tail.' In well-regulated presses, the flexibility of paper, frisket, and tympan causes the bar to warp back and raise the plate, the spinning machine again to move the bed back to its original position, the tympan and frisket are lifted and opened, and the printed sheets are removed. Such machines always work by hand. After about 1800, iron pressure is developed, some of which can be operated by steam power.
Gutenberg's press
Johannes Gutenberg's work on the press began around 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn - a man who had previously been instructed in cutting gems - and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill. However, it was not until 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that there was an official record; testimony of witnesses discussing Gutenberg's type, metal inventory (including lead), and its type mold.
Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made use of the metallic knowledge he had learned as a craftsman. He was the first to create a type of lead, tin, and antimony alloy, which was essential for producing a durable type that produced high quality printed books and proved to be much more suitable for printing than any other known material. To make these types of lead, Gutenberg uses what is considered one of his most intelligent inventions, a special matrix that allows rapid and precise printing of new types of blocks from uniform templates. Case types are estimated to have about 290 separate mailboxes, most of which are required for special characters, ligatures, punctuation, and so on.
Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of oil-based inks that are more durable than water-based inks used previously. As a printed material he uses paper and vellum (high quality parchment). In Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg makes color printing experiments for multiple page titles, only in a few copies. A later work, the Mainz Psalter of 1453, probably designed by Gutenberg but published under the footsteps of his successors Johann Fust and Peter SchÃÆ'¶ffer, has an elaborate red and blue print initials.
Printing Revolution
The Printing Revolution occurs when the spread of printing facilitates the widespread circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the society it achieves. (Eisenstein (1980))
Bulk production and spread of print books
The invention of this type of mechanical moving printing led to a major increase in printing activity across Europe in just a few decades. From a print shop in Mainz, Germany, printing had spread to no less than about 270 cities in Central, West, and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century. As early as 1480, there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, England, Bohemia and Poland. From then on, it was assumed that "the book was universally used in Europe".
In Italy, an early printing center, print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns in 1500. By the end of the next century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one printing event, with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active. Despite this proliferation, the printing center immediately emerged; thus, one third of Italian printers are published in Venice.
By 1500, printing machines operating throughout Western Europe had produced over twenty million copies. In the next century, their output rose tenfold to about 150 to 200 million copies.
The European print machine of about 1600 is able to generate about 1,500 impressions per business day. By comparison, book printing in East Asia does not use a printing press and is only done by block printing.
From Erasmus's work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime (1469-1536). In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary potential of mass printing made the princes and the papacy as shocked. In the period 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone soared sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 prints.
The speed of typographic text production, as well as the sharp decline in unit costs, led to the publication of the first newspaper (see Relation ) which opened an entirely new field to pass on the latest information information to the public.
Incunable is a surviving print of pre-16th century print collected by many libraries in Europe and North America.
Circulation of information and ideas
The printing press is also a factor in the formation of a community of scientists who can easily communicate their findings through the formation of widespread scientific journals, helping to bring about the scientific revolution. Because of the printing press, authorship becomes more meaningful and profitable. It is suddenly important who has said or wrote what, and what is the exact formulation and time of the composition. This allows precise citation quotes, producing rules, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Previously, the author was less important, because the Aristotelian copies made in Paris would not be exactly the same as those made in Bologna. For many works before the printing press, the author's name has been completely lost.
Because the printing process ensures that the same information falls on the same page, page numbering, table of contents, and indexes become common, although previously unknown. The reading process also changes, gradually moving for centuries from oral readings to quiet, private readings. Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic increase in adult literacy across Europe.
The printing press is an important step towards the democratization of knowledge. In the 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon has been reprinted and enacted extensively throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people have access to both new and old knowledge, more people can discuss these works. Book production became more commercial, and the first copyright law was passed. On the other hand, the printing press is criticized for allowing the dissemination of information that may be false.
The second development of this popularizing knowledge is the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by their own local languages, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helps to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, which means 'reducing' their variability. The increasing significance of this national language as opposed to pan-European Latin is called one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe.
The third consequence of popularizing printing is on the economy. The printing press is associated with a higher growth rate of the city. Manual trade-related publications and book-instructional techniques such as double-entry bookkeeping enhance the reliability of trade and lead to declining merchant guilds and the emergence of individual traders.
Industrial printing press
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press mechanism remained essentially unchanged, although new materials in its construction, among other innovations, had gradually increased printing efficiency. In 1800, Lord Stanhope had built a full press of cast iron that reduced the required force by 90%, while doubling the size of the print area. With a capacity of 480 pages per hour, the Stanhope press doubles the output of the old-style press. Nevertheless, the limitations inherent in traditional printing methods become clear.
Two ideas change the design of the printing press radically: First, the use of steam power to run the engine, and the second replacement of flatbed print with a rotating motion of the cylinder. The two elements were for the first time successfully executed by German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs designed between 1802 and 1818. After moving to London in 1804, Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and obtained financial support for his project in 1807. Patented in 1810, Koenig has designed steam bends "like a hand-press connected to a steam engine." The first production experiment of this model took place in April 1811. He produced his machine with the help of German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer.
Koenig and Bauer sold their first two models to The Times in London in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition was printed on November 28, 1814. They proceeded to refine the initial model so as to print on both sides of the sheet at once. It started a long process of making newspapers available to mass audiences (which in turn helped spread literacy), and from 1820 changing the nature of book production, forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata. Their company Koenig & amp; Bauer AG is still one of the largest printing press manufacturers in the world today.
Press play
Steam-powered rotary printing machines, discovered in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe, allow millions of copies of pages a day. The mass production of the printed works evolves after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feeds allow the printing press to run at a much faster pace.
In the late 1930s or early 1940s, rotary pressure has increased substantially in efficiency: the model by Platen Printing Press is capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour.
Also, in the mid-19th century, there was a separate development of job emphasis, a small emphasis that could print small format fragments such as billheads, letterhead, business cards, and envelopes. Pressure pressing can be done quickly (the average setting time for a small job is under 15 minutes) and production is fast (even at work pressure the pedal is considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour [iph] with one reporter, at a speed of 1,500 iph is often achieved on the job of simple envelopes). Job printing appears as a cost-effective multiplication solution for today's trade.
Gallery
See also
- General
- Imprimatur
- Typography
- Printing machine
- Adana Printing Pressing
- Albion press
- Colombian Print Press
- Flexibility
- Vertical printing ink
- Other discoveries
- Color printing
- Lithography
- Print offset
- Desktop publishing
- Electronic publishing
- Computer printers
- Write a stick
Note
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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