5-Hydroxytryptophan ( 5-HTP ), also known as oxitriptan , is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as metabolic intermediate in biosynthesis serotonin neurotransmitter.
Video 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Usage
5-HTP is sold on the table in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and the UK as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid. It is also marketed in many European countries for indications of major depression under the trade names Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum.
The 2002 review concludes that although the data evaluated show that 5-HTP is more effective than placebo in the treatment of depression, the evidence is not sufficient to be conclusive due to the lack of high-quality research. More and more research is needed to determine whether 5-HTP is truly effective in treating depression.
5-HTP is sometimes taken by people who descend from MDMA to reduce post-MDMA dysphoria. Because 5-HTP is the precursor that the brain needs to produce more serotonin, and the use of MDMA spends a person's natural serotonin level, it is believed that taking 5-HTP after taking MDMA will speed up serotonin production. DanceSafe claims that anecdotal evidence is widespread and that his theory is physiologically plausible. Research conducted by Wang et al. in 2007 suggested recovery, when MDMA-induced depletion of 5-HT was restored in mice after 5-HTP administration.
At high doses, or in combination with carbidopa, has been used off-label to treat obesity (by promoting weight loss).
Maps 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Side effects
Potential side effects of 5-HTP include heartburn, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, sexual problems, dreams or nightmares, and muscle problems. Because 5-HTP has not been fully studied in clinical settings, the possibility of side effects and interactions with other drugs is unknown.
Interactions
When combined with antidepressants of the MAOI class or SSRI, 5-HTP high doses can cause acute serotonin syndrome in mice. In 5-HTP humans have never been clinically associated with serotonin syndrome, although 5-HTP may precipitate mania when added to MAOI. Due to the limiting nature of the decarboxylase enzyme rate that converts 5-HTP to serotonin, the risk of serotonin syndrome with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is considered quite low unless both MAOIs and 5-HTP are taken in large quantities.
When combined with carbidopa (as a treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's disease), 5-HTP causes nausea and vomiting; but this can be reduced through the administration of granisetron. As mentioned below under pharmacology, cases of scleroderma-like disease have been reported in patients using carbidopa and 5-HTP.
Oral 5-HTP results in an increase in 5-HIAA urine, a serotonin metabolite, suggesting that 5-HTP is peripherally metabolised into serotonin, which is then metabolized. This may lead to a false-positive test in tests looking for carcinoid syndrome. Because of the 5-HTP conversion to serotonin by the liver, there may be a significant risk of heart valve disease from the effects of serotonin on the heart.
It has been suggested that 5-HTP can cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), a serious condition that results in extreme muscular pain, myalgia, and blood disorders. However, there is evidence to suggest that EMS may be caused by contaminants in certain 5-HTP supplements.
Production
5-HTP is produced from tryptophan amino acid through the action of tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme. Tryptophan hydroxylase is one of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases that depend on biopterin.
Metabolism
5-HTP is decarboxylated to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase enzyme with the help of vitamin B 6 . This reaction occurs both in the neural network and in the liver. 5-HTP crosses the blood-brain barrier, while 5-HT does not. Excess 5-HTP, especially when administered with vitamin B 6 , is considered metabolized and excreted.
Pharmacology
The 5-HTP psychoactive action stems from the increased production of serotonin in the central nervous system network.
Research shows that co-administration with carbidopa greatly increases plasma 5-HTP levels. However, several studies have reported that 5-HTP is effective even without peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors (eg carbidopa). Other studies have shown the risk of scleroderma conditions such as those resulting from a combination of 5-HTP and carbidopa.
Food source
Although 5-HTP is found in food only in insignificant amounts, it is a chemical that is involved in tryptophan metabolism, an amino acid found in milk, meat, potatoes, pumpkins, and various vegetables.
The seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia, a vine bush originating from West Africa and Central Africa, are used as herbal supplements for their 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) content. In one 2010 trial, the extract of Griffonia simplicifolia appeared to increase satiety in overweight women.
See also
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Melatonin
- N -Acetylserotonin
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Serotonin
- Tryptophan
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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