Sleep deprivation is insufficient sleep; can be chronic or acute. Chronic confined sleep conditions can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, awkwardness and weight loss or weight gain. It affects the brain and its cognitive function. However, in a subset of cases of sleep deprivation can, paradoxically, lead to increased energy and alertness and mood enhancement; it has even been used as a treatment for depression (see below).
Several studies have compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial sleep restriction. The absence of complete sleep for a long time has not been seen in humans (unless they suffer from fatal familial insomnia); seems a short microsleep is inevitable. Lack of total long-term sleep has caused death in laboratory animals.
Video Sleep deprivation
Physiological effects
Generally, lack of sleep may result in:
- sore muscles
- confusion, memory deviation or loss
- depression
- fake memory development
- hand tremor
- headache
- malaise
- stye
- periorbital curvature, commonly known as "under eye bag" or eye bag
- increase in blood pressure
- elevated levels of stress hormone
- increases the risk of diabetes
- increases the risk of fibromyalgia
- irritable
- nystagmus (quick spontaneous rhythmic eye movement)
- overweight
- seizures
- temper tantrum in children
- violent behavior
- yawned
- mania Symptoms
- are similar to:
- attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- psychosis
- depersonalization disorder
Diabetes
It has been suggested that people who experience short-term sleep restriction process glucose more slowly than people who receive a full 8-hour sleep, increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. In 2005, a study of more than 1400 participants showed that participants who usually slept several hours more tend to have a relationship with type 2 diabetes. However, since this study is only correlational, the cause and effect direction between sleeplessness and diabetes is uncertain. The authors point to previous studies that show that experiments rather than restriction of sleep habits result in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Lack of sleep can cause insulin resistance in the body, which triggers the occurrence of early diabetes.
In brain
Lack of sleep can affect the brain and cognitive function. A 2000 study, by the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Health Care System in San Diego, uses functional magnetic resonance imaging technology (fMRI) to monitor brain activity in underemployed subjects performing simple verbal learning tasks.. This study shows that the area of ​​the brain's prefrontal cortex, an area that supports mental capabilities such as working memory and logical and practical reasoning ("tip-edge"), displays more activity in the subject of sleep. Researchers interpret these results as demonstrating that the brains of a subject who are sleep deprived on average should work harder than a sleep-less subject to complete a given task. They therefore conclude that the brain of a sleep-deprived subject seeks to compensate for the adverse effects caused by lack of sleep.
The temporal lobe, the area of ​​the brain involved in language processing, is activated during verbal learning on a resting subject but not on a sleep-deprived subject. The parietal lobe, not activated in subjects that rest during verbal exercise, is more active when the subject is sleep deprived. Less than the number of hours needed to function causes memory loss and judgment, these changes in brain chemicals often lead to depression. Although memory performance is less efficient with less sleep, greater activity in the parietal region is associated with better short-term memory.
A 2001 study at the Chicago Medical Institute showed that sleep deprivation can be linked to serious illnesses, such as heart disease and mental illness including psychosis and bipolar disorder. The association between sleep deprivation and psychosis was further documented in 2007 through studies at Harvard Medical School and the University of California at Berkeley. The study reveals, using an MRI scan, that lack of sleep causes the brain to be incapable of putting emotional events into proper perspective and unable to make a controlled and appropriate response to the event.
The negative effects of sleep deprivation on caution and cognitive performance show decreased brain activity and function, especially in the thalamus, the structure involved in alertness and attention, and in the prefrontal cortex, the sub-region of alertness, attention, and higher-ordering cognitive processes. This is the finding of a study in America in 2000. Seventeen men in their 20s were tested. Sleep deprivation is progressive with glucose measurement (absolute regional CMRglu), cognitive performance, alertness, mood, and subjective experience collected after 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours of sleep deprivation. Additional measures of alertness, cognitive performance, and mood are collected at fixed intervals. PET scans are used and attention is given to the circadian rhythms of cognitive performance.
A study conducted in 2002 at the University of California showed that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was needed to shut down neurotransmitters and allow its receptors to "rest" and regain the sensitivity that allows monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine) to be effective in levels produced naturally. This leads to improved mood setting and improved learning ability. The study also found that rapid eye movement deprivation (REM) may relieve clinical depression because it mimics selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This is because a natural decline in monoamine during REM is not allowed to occur, which causes the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain, which is reduced in people who are clinically depressed, increases. Sleeping outside the REM phase allows the enzymes to repair brain cell damage caused by free radicals. The high metabolic activity of waking destroys the enzyme itself preventing an efficient repair. This study looked at the first evidence of brain damage in rats as a direct result of lack of sleep.
Animal studies show that lack of sleep increases levels of stress hormones, which can reduce the production of new cells in the adult brain.
On growth
A 1999 study found that lack of sleep resulted in reduced cortisol secretion the next day, driven by the subsequent slow-wave increase in sleep. Sleep deprivation is found to increase activity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (which controls the reaction to stress and regulates bodily functions such as digestion, immune system, mood, sex, or energy use) while suppressing growth hormone. The results support previous studies, which observed adrenal insufficiency in idiopathic hypersomnia.
In the healing process
A study conducted in 2005 showed that a group of rats, who lacked REM sleep for five days, did not experience significant changes in their ability to heal wounds, compared with a group of mice that were not taken from sleep "dreams". The mice were allowed to sleep soundly (NREM). However, another study was conducted by Gumustekin et al. in 2004 showed sleep deprivation inhibited healing of burns in mice.
Attention and working memory
Among the possible physical consequences of sleep deprivation, attention deficits and working memory may be the most important; such deviations in ordinary routines can lead to unfavorable outcomes, from forgetting materials while cooking to loss of sentences when taking notes. Performing tasks that require attention seem to correlate with the number of hours of sleep received each night, decreasing as a function of the hour of sleep deprivation. Work memory is tested by methods such as reaction time-choice tasks.
Attention aberrations also extend to more critical domains where the consequences are life or death; car accidents and industrial disasters can occur due to lack of attention caused by lack of sleep. To measure empirically the magnitude of the attention deficit, researchers typically use psychomotor precautions (PVTs) which require subjects to press a button in response to light at random intervals. Failure to press the button in response to stimulus (light) is recorded as an error, caused by micro sleep that occurs as a product of sleep deprivation.
Most importantly, the individual subjective evaluation of their fatigue often does not predict actual performance on PVP. While people who are sleep deprived in total are usually aware of the extent of the damage, deviations from chronic (less) sleep rejuvenation may occur from time to time so that they are equal in number and severity to deviations from the total (acute) sleep deprivation. People who sleep less chronically, however, continue to assess themselves much less disturbance than participants who are actually sleep deprived. Because people usually evaluate their abilities on tasks such as driving subjectively, their evaluation may lead them to the false conclusion that they can perform tasks that require constant attention when their abilities are actually distracted.
On driving ability
The danger of lack of sleep is clearly visible on the road; The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) reports that one in every five serious motor vehicle injuries is linked to driver fatigue, with 80,000 drivers falling asleep behind the wheel every day and 250,000 accidents each year associated with sleep, even though the National Highway Traffic Safety The administration suggested the number of traffic accidents might be close to 100,000. The AASM recommends pulling off the road and taking a 15 or 20 minute nap to reduce drowsiness.
According to a 2000 study published in the British Medical Journal, researchers in Australia and New Zealand reported that sleep deprivation can have some of the same harmful effects as drunkenness. People who ride after waking 17-19 hours perform worse than those with a 0.05 percent blood alcohol level, which is the legal limit for drunk driving in most Western European and Australian countries. Other studies show that performance begins to decline after 16 hours of awake, and 21 hours awake is equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent, which is a blood alcohol boundary for drunk driving in Canada, the US and the UK.
Fatigue of truck drivers and passenger vehicles has been the concern of authorities in many countries, where certain laws have been introduced with the aim of reducing the risk of traffic accidents due to driver fatigue. Rules regarding minimum length of lag, maximum shift length, and minimum time between common turns in driving regulations used in different countries and regions, such as the EU driver's working hours and hours of service regulations in the United States.
Other effects
Moreover, as a result of continuous muscle activity without proper rest periods, effects such as cramps are much more frequent in sleep-deprived individuals. Extreme cases of sleep deprivation have been reported to be associated with hernias, fascial muscle tears, and other problems commonly associated with physical fatigue.
A 2006 study showed that while total sleep deprivation for one night caused many mistakes, the error was not significant until after the second night the total sleep was less. However, combining alcohol with acute sleep loss produces triple the rate of driving on the road when using a simulator.
The National Sleep Foundation identifies some warning signs that a driver is tired, including down the window, turning on the radio, having trouble opening his eyes, nodding his head, drifting off their way, and daydreaming. At particular risk is a single driver between midnight and 6:00 am.
Lack of sleep can have a negative impact on performance in the professional field as well, potentially life-threatening. Since most of February 2009 Flight Flight of Colgan Air 3407, which killed 50 people and partially caused by pilot fatigue, the FAA reviewed its procedures to ensure that the pilot was well rested. Air traffic controls were under surveillance when in 2010 there were 10 incidents of controllers falling asleep while shift. The general practice of turn-around shift causes sleep deprivation and is a contributing factor to all air traffic control incidents. The FAA reviewed the practice of shift change and its findings see that the controller is not well rested. A 2004 study also found that people who slept less than four hours a night made more than twice as many mistakes as 11% of the surveyed population slept for more than seven hours a night.
Twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation continuously results in a choice of less difficult mathematical tasks without compromising the subjective report of the effort applied to the task. It naturally causes sleep loss to affect the choice of everyday tasks so that low business tasks are mostly generally selected. Adolescents with less sleep indicate a decreased desire to engage in sports activities that require effort through fine motor coordination and attention to detail.
Great sleep deprivation mimics psychosis: distorted perception can lead to inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses.
Astronauts have reported performance errors and decreased cognitive abilities during extended and maintained work hours as well as lack of sleep caused by circadian rhythm disorders and environmental factors.
Microsleeps
Microsleeps occur when a person has significant sleep deprivation. Microsleeps usually last for a few seconds and most often occur when someone tries to stay awake when they feel sleepy. People usually fall into microsleep when performing monotonous tasks such as driving, reading a book, or staring at a computer. Microsleeps is similar to a power outage and people who experience it are not aware that they are happening.
Lighter sleep types have been seen in mice that have been kept awake for long periods of time. In a process known as local sleep, local specific brain regions go into short periods (~ 80 ms) but often (~ 40/min) NREM-like states. Although there have been periods in which neurons are switched off, rats appear awake, even if they show poor results.
Weight loss and loss
In rats, long, complete lack of sleep increases both food intake and energy expenditure with the net effect of weight loss and eventual death. The study hypothesizes that moderate chronic sleep debt associated with short sleep habits is associated with increased appetite and energy expenditure with similarities that lead to food intake rather than expenditure in communities where high-calorie foods are freely available.
Several large studies using national representative samples show that one of the causes of high rates of obesity in the United States may be a corresponding decrease in the number of hours the average person sleeps. The findings suggest that this may be the case because lack of sleep can disrupt the hormones that regulate the metabolism of glucose and appetite.
The relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity seems to be most powerful in young and middle-aged adults. Other scientists argue that physical discomfort of obesity and related problems, such as sleep apnea, reduces a person's chances of getting a good night's sleep.
Sleep deprivation is currently proposed to disrupt the regulation of endocrine homeostasis energy leading to weight gain and obesity. For example, laboratory sleep deprivation studies in young men have shown that a waking night (usually found in shift workers) has a significant effect on energy balance the next morning, including reducing energy expenditure, increasing the hedonic stimulus process in the underlying brain of the drive. to consume food, and overeating beyond satiety. Recent research has recently shown that a reduction in sleep duration to four hours for two consecutive nights has been shown to decrease circulating leptin levels and to increase ghrelin levels, as well as self-reported famine. Similar endocrine changes have been shown to occur even after one night of sleep restriction.
In a balanced sequence, nine healthy normal-weight men spend three nights in a sleep laboratory separated at least two weeks: one night for a total of seven hours sleep, one night for a total of 4.5 hours sleep, and one night with total deprivation sleep (SD). On the standard symptom-rating scale, subjects were rated to be very strong feeling of hunger after total SD compared to after seven hours of sleep (3.9 Â ± 0.7 vs 1.7 Â ± 0.3, P = 0.020) or 4.5 hours of sleep (2.2 Â ± 0.5, P = 0.041). The plasma ghrelin level was 22 Ã, Â ± 10% higher after total SD compared to after seven hours of sleep (0.85 Ã, Â ± 0.06 vs 0.72 Ã, Â ± 0.04Ã, ng mL (-1) ; P = 0.048) with intermediate levels of hormones after 4.5 hours of sleep (0.77 Â ± 0.04 ng mL (-1)). Feelings of hunger and ghrelin plasma levels had increased after one night of primary school, while the concentration of morning leptin serum remained unaffected. Thus, the results provide further evidence for the disturbing effects of sleep disturbance on the regulation of endocrine homeostasis energy, which in the long run can lead to weight gain and obesity.
Maps Sleep deprivation
Usage
Laboratory animal science studies
In science, lack of sleep (rodents, for example) is used to study the sleep function and biological mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep deprivation.
Some sleep deprivation techniques are:
- Gentle handling: during periods of sleep deprivation, animals and polysomnographs are continuously observed; when animals display electrophysiological signals of sleep or assume a sleep posture, it is given the object to play with and is activated by acoustics and, if necessary, tactile stimuli. Although subjective, this technique is used for total sleep deprivation as well as REM or NREM lack of sleep. This technique often requires polysomnography.
- Single platform: during periods of sleep deprivation, animals are placed in flower pots upside down, relatively small bottom diameter with animal size (usually 7 cm for adult rats). The pot is placed in a large tub of water up to 1 cm from the base of the flowerpot. This animal can rest above the pot and can even get NREM sleep, but at the beginning of REM sleep, with the relaxation of the winding muscles, it will fall into the water and climb back into its pot or will get its nose. wet enough to wake him up. Thus, this technique is only useful for studying REM sleep deprivation. This is one of the first scientific methods developed (see Jouvet, 1964 for cats and rodents).
- Multiple platforms: in an effort to reduce the high stress response induced by a single platform method, the researchers developed the "multiple platform" technique of REM sleep deprivation. In this configuration, animals are placed in large tanks containing multiple platforms, eliminating movement restrictions in previous setup.
- Modified multiple platforms: modification of multi platform methods where some joint animals experience lack of sleep (Nunes and Tufik, 1994).
- Pendulum: animals are prevented from entering REM sleep by letting them sleep for only a short period of time. This is done by a device that moves the animal cage back and forth in a pendular movement. In extreme movements, animals experience postural imbalance, forcing them to walk back and forth to maintain their balance.
Interrogation
Lack of sleep can be used as a means of interrogation, which has resulted in court trials over whether or not the technique is a form of torture.
Under one interrogation technique, the subject may remain awake for several days and when finally allowed to fall asleep, suddenly wakes up and is questioned. Menachem Begin, Israeli Prime Minister from 1977 to 1983, described his experience of sleep deprivation as a NKVD prisoner in Russia as follows:
At the head of the interrogated prisoner, the fog began to form. His soul is tired to death, his legs are unstable, and he has one wish: to sleep... Anyone who has experienced this desire knows that there is not even hunger and thirst comparable to him.
Lack of sleep is one of five techniques used by the British government in the 1970s. The European Court of Human Rights decides that the five techniques "do not cause suffering any particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture... [but] as large as the practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", which violates the European Convention. on Human Rights.
The US Department of Justice released four memos in August 2002 describing the interrogation techniques used by the Central Intelligence Agency. They first described 10 techniques used in Abu Zubaydah's interrogation, described as terrorist logistics specialists, including sleep deprivation. The memo since May 2005 introduces four more techniques and claims that the combination of interrogation methods is not a torture under US law.
The question of the extreme use of sleep deprivation due to torture has advocated on both sides of the issue. In 2006, Federal Attorney General Philip Ruddock argued that lack of sleep was not torture. Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has expressed his organizational opinion as follows: "At least sleep deprivation is cruel, inhuman and degrading, if used for a long time, it is torture."
Depression
Studies show that sleep restriction has some potential in the treatment of depression. Those suffering from depression tend to experience REM sleep early with a rapid increase in the number of eye movements; Therefore, monitoring EEG patients and awakening them during REM sleep events seems to have a therapeutic effect, reducing symptoms of depression. As many as 60% of patients, when lack of sleep, showed immediate recovery, although most recurred the following night. The effect has been shown to be associated with an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF). It has been shown that chronotypes are associated with the effects of sleep deprivation on mood in normal people: those with morningness preference become more depressed after lack of sleep while those with afternoon preference indicate elevated mood. A comprehensive evaluation of human metabolism in sleep deprivation in 2014 found that 27 metabolites increased after 24 hours of awake and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to antidepressive effects.
The incidence of relapse can be reduced by combining sleep deprivation with drugs. Many tricyclic antidepressants suppress REM sleep, providing additional evidence for the relationship between mood and sleep. Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at sufficient doses.
Insomnia
Several common sleep disorders have been shown to respond to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. This involves a controlled "sleep restriction regime" to restore homeostasis to sleep and encourage normal "sleep efficiency".
Cause
Insomnia
Insomnia, one of six types of dyssomnia, affects 21% -37% of the adult population. Many of the symptoms are easily recognizable, including excessive daytime sleepiness; frustrated or worried about sleep; problems with attention, concentration, or memory; mood swings or extreme irritability; lack of energy or motivation; poor performance at school or work; and tension headaches or abdominal pain.
Insomnia can be grouped into primary and secondary, or comorbidities, insomnia.
Primary insomnia is a sleep disorder not caused by a medical, psychiatric, or environmental cause. There are three main types of primary insomnia. These include: psychophysiological, idiopathic insomnia, and sleep state misperception (paradoxical insomnia). Insomnia psychophysiologically induced anxiety. Idiopathic insomnia generally begins in childhood and lasts a lifetime. It is suggested that idiopathic insomnia is a neurochemical problem in the part of the brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in an underactive sleep signal or an overactive alert signal. Sleep status errors are diagnosed when people get enough sleep but inaccurately see that their sleep is insufficient.
Secondary insomnia, or comorbid insomnia, occurs simultaneously with other medical, neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions. Because it is not always implied.
Voluntary
Lack of sleep can sometimes be forced on its own because of a lack of desire for sleep or the habit of using stimulant drugs. Lack of sleep is also imposed on its own to achieve personal fame in the context of record-breaking strikes.
Sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea is often caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep, which reduces airflow to the lungs. It has many serious health outcomes if left untreated. Positive airway pressure therapy using CPAP (Continuous positive airway pressure), APAP or BPAP device is considered as a first-line treatment option for sleep apnea. The mandibular displacement device in some cases can reposition the jaw and tongue to prevent airways from collapsing. For some patients additional oxygen therapy may be indicated. Nasal problems such as the deviant septum will close the airway and increase the swelling of the mucous layer and nasal turbinates. Corrective surgery (septoplasty) in some cases may be an appropriate treatment option.
Central Sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the central nervous system to signal the body to breathe during sleep. Treatment similar to obstructive sleep apnea can be used as well as other treatments such as Servai Adaptif Ventilation and certain drugs. Some drugs such as opioids can cause or cause central sleep apnea.
Mental illness
The specific causal relationship between sleep loss and the effects on psychiatric disorders has been most extensively studied in patients with mood disorders. The shift to mania in bipolar patients is often preceded by periods of insomnia, and sleep deprivation has been shown to induce a state of mania in susceptible individuals. Lack of sleep can represent the final common pathway in the origins of mania, and restful sleep is a triggering and reinforcing factor for the country mania.
School
The National Sleep Foundation cites a 1996 paper showing that college students/universities earn on average less than 6 hours of sleep each night.
In the study, 70.6% of students reported sleeping less than 8 hours, and up to 27% of students may be at risk for at least one sleep disorder. Sleep deprivation is common in first-year students as they adjust to the stress and social activities of college life.
A study conducted by the Department of Psychology at Chung Cheng National University in Taiwan concluded that the new students receive the least amount of sleep for a week.
In 1997, the University of Minnesota study compared students who started school at 7:15 am with those starting at 8:40 am. They found that students who started at 8:40 got higher marks and more sleep on a weekday night than those who started early. One in four US high school students admitted to falling asleep in class at least once a week.
It is known that during human adolescence, circadian rhythms and therefore sleep patterns usually undergo a noticeable change. The electroencephalogram (EEG) study showed a 50% reduction of deep sleep (stage 4) and a 75% reduction in the amplitude of the delta's peak during NREM sleep during adolescence. School schedules often do not correspond to appropriate sleep delays, resulting in less optimal sleep for the majority of adolescents.
Treatment
Some common strategies in raising awareness and eliminating the effects of sleep deprivation. Caffeine is often used in a short time to raise awareness when acute sleep deprivation is experienced; However, caffeine is less effective if taken regularly. Other strategies recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine include prophylactic sleep before deprivation, napping, other stimulants, and combinations thereof. However, the only sure and safe way to combat sleep deprivation is to increase bedtime every night.
Recovery of cognitive function is achieved more rapidly after acute total sleep less than after chronic partial sleep restriction. Chronic deficiency is more common in everyday life. Only one night of sleep recovery can reverse the adverse effects of total sleep deprivation. Sleep recovery is more efficient than normal sleep with shorter sleep latency and increased amount of deep REM sleep.
Changes in American sleeping habits
National Geographic Magazine has reported that job demands, social activities and the availability of 24-hour home entertainment and Internet access have caused people to sleep less now than in premodern times. USA Today reported in 2007 that most adults in the US get less than an hour less than the average sleep time of 40 years ago.
Other researchers have questioned this claim. The 2004 Editorial in the journal Sleep states that according to available data, the average number of hours of sleep within a 24-hour period has not changed significantly in the last few decades among adults. Furthermore, the editorial shows that there is a normal range of sleep time required by healthy adults, and many indicators used to show chronic sleepiness among the population as a whole are not resistant to scientific examination.
Comparison of data collected from the Timekeeping Survey The use of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics from 1965-1985 and 1998-2001 has been used to show that the median amount of sleep, nap, and rest performed by the average American adult has changed by less than 0.7%, from a median of 482 minutes per day from 1965 to 1985, to 479 minutes per day from 1998 to 2001.
Longest period without sleep
Randy Gardner holds the scientifically documented record for the longest period of time deliberately committed by humans without sleep without using any stimulants. Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours (11 days), breaking the previous 260 hour record held by Tom Rounds of Honolulu. LCDR John J. Ross of the US Navy's Neuropsychiatric Research Unit then published a report on this event, which became well-known among underemployed researchers.
The Guinness World Record stood at 449 hours (18 days, 17 hours), hosted by Maureen Weston, from Peterborough, Cambridgeshire in April 1977, in a rocking marathon.
The claims of total sleep deprivation over many years have been made several times, but none have been scientifically verified. Partial sleep deprivation claims are better documented. For example, Rhett Lamb of St Petersburg, Florida was originally reported to have no sleep at all, but actually had a rare condition that allowed him to sleep only one to two hours per day in the first three years of his life. He has a rare disorder called Arnold-Chiari Malformation in which brain tissue protrudes into the spinal canal and the skull puts pressure on the prominent part of the brain. The boy was operated at All Children's Hospital in St. Louis. St. Petersburg in May 2008. Two days after the surgery, he slept through the night.
French sleeping expert Michel Jouvet and his team reported the case of a four-month-less sleeper, as confirmed by a recurrent polyglaphic recording showing less than 30 minutes (of 1st-bed sleep) per night, a condition they named "agrypnia". The 27-year-old suffers from Morvan's fibrillary choraa, a rare disease that leads to unconscious movements, and in this particular case, extreme insomnia. The researchers found that treatment with 5-HTP restored a nearly normal stage of sleep. However, several months after this recovery the patient died during a relapse not responsive to 5-HTP. Despite extreme insomnia, psychological investigations show no signs of cognitive deficits, except for some hallucinations.
Fatal familial insomnia is a neurodegenerative disease that ultimately results in an inability to pass through stage 1 NREM sleep. In addition to insomnia, the patient may experience panic attacks, paranoia, phobias, hallucinations, rapid weight loss, and dementia. Death usually occurs between 7 and 36 months from onset.
See also
- The effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
- Narcolepsy
- Polyphathic sleep
- Sleeping medicine
- Sleep onset latency
- Wake up therapy
- Tony Wright, who claims holds the world record for lack of sleep
- Foreign Correspondent , a 1940 film depicting interrogation by lack of sleep
References
External links
- "How Many Sleeps Do You Really Need?", U.S. National Sleep Foundation
- National Sleep Foundation 2005 Sleeping in America Polls
- Why Do Humans and Many Other Animals Sleep?
- Influence of Sleep and Sleep Dependency on Levels of Catecholamines and Interleukin-2 in Humans: Clinical Implications
- Influence of Sleep and Sleep Dependence on Interleukin-6, Growth Hormone Levels, Cortisol, and Melatonin in Humans
- Sleep Deprivation Julian Lim and David F. Dinges, Scholarpedia, 2 (8): 2433. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.2433
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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