Bloodletting (or blood-letting ) is the withdrawal of blood from the patient to prevent or cure illness and illness. Bloodletting is based on an ancient medical system in which blood and other body fluids are considered a "humor" that must remain in the right balance to maintain health. It is claimed to be the most common medical practice performed by surgeons from antiquity until the late nineteenth century, spanning nearly 2,000 years. In Europe the practice continued relatively generally until the end of the 18th century. This practice has now been abandoned by modern-day treatment for all but a few very specific conditions. It is conceivable that historically, in the absence of other treatments for hypertension, bloodshed sometimes has a beneficial effect in reducing temporary blood pressure by reducing blood volume. However, since hypertension is very often asymptomatic and can not be diagnosed without modern methods, this effect is not intentional. In most cases, the historical use of bloodshed is dangerous for patients.
Today, the term phlebotomy refers to a blood image for laboratory analysis or blood transfusion. Phlebotomy therapy refers to the picture of blood units in certain cases such as hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, porphyria cutanea tarda, etc., to reduce the number of red blood cells. The traditional medical practice of bloodshed is currently regarded as pseudoscience.
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In Greece, bloodshed was used in the 5th century BC during the lifetime of Hippocrates, which mentions this practice but generally relies on diet techniques. Erasistratus, however, theorizes that many diseases are caused by most, or excessively, in the blood and suggest that most of these should be treated, initially, with exercise, sweating, reducing food intake, and vomiting. Herophilus advocated bloodshed. Archagathus, one of the first Greek physicians to train in Rome, also believed in the value of bloodshed.
A patient's "bleeding" for health is modeled on menstruation. Hippocrates believes that menstruation serves to "cleanse women of bad humor". During the Roman Empire, the Greek physician Galen, who embraced the teachings of Hippocrates, advocated the bloodshed performed by doctors.
The popularity of bloodshed in the classical Mediterranean world is reinforced by Galen's ideas, after he discovered that not only the veins but also the arteries are filled with blood, not the air as is commonly believed at the time. There are two key concepts in the system of bloodshed. The first is the blood is created and then runs out; it's not outstanding, and so it can be "stagnant" in the extremities. The second is that the humoral balance is the basis of disease or health, the four humors are blood, sputum, black bile, and yellow bile, which correspond to the four classical elements of Greece namely air, water, earth, and fire. Galen believes that blood is the dominant humor and the most in need of control. To balance humor, the doctor will remove the "excess" of the blood (mostly) from the patient or give them vomiting to induce vomiting, or diuretics to induce urination.
Galen creates a complicated system of how much blood should be removed based on age, constitution, season, weather, and place of the patient. The "Do-it-yourself" bleeding instructions follow the system developed. The most common symptoms are believed to include fever, tingling, and headaches. Blood to be left is a specific characteristic determined by the disease: either the artery or the vein, and away or close to the affected area of ​​the body. He connects different blood vessels with different organs, according to the drainage they expect. For example, a vein in the right hand will be left for liver and blood vessel problems in the left hand for problems with the spleen. The more severe the disease, the more blood is left. Fever requires excessive amounts of blood.
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Medieval
The Talmud recommends a certain day of the week and several days a month for bloodshed, and similar rules, though less codified, can be found among Christian writings advising the holy days of good saints for bloodshed. During the general medieval bleeding chart, the site shows certain bleeding on the body parallel to the planet and the zodiac. The Islamic medical writers also advised the bloodshed, especially for fever. It is practiced according to the season and certain phases of the moon on the lunar calendar. The practice was probably passed by the Greeks with the translation of ancient texts into Arabic and different from spilling blood with cupping mentioned in the Prophet Muhammad's tradition. When Muslim theories became known in the Latin-speaking countries of Europe, the bloodshed was widening. Together with Cauter, it is the center of Arab operations; the key texts of Kitab al-Qanun and especially Al-Tasrif li-man 'ajaza' al-ta'lif both recommend it. It is also known in Ayurvedic medicine, described in Susruta Samhita .
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Even after the humoral system becomes unused, the practice is continued by surgeons and barber surgeons. Although bloodshed is often recommended by doctors, it is done by a barber. This causes the difference between a doctor and a surgeon. The red-and-white pole striped barbershop, still used today, comes from this practice: red symbolizes blood while white symbolizes bandages. Bloodletting is used to "treat" various diseases, becoming standard treatment for almost every disease, and practiced prophylactically and therapeutically.
A number of different methods are used. The most common are phlebotomy , or venesection (often called "breathing a vein"), in which blood is drawn from one or more of the larger external veins, bottom or neck. In arteriotomy , the artery is punctured, though generally only in the temple. In scarification (not to be confused with the scarification, body modification method), the "shallow" vessels are attacked, often using syringes, spikes, or glass cups containing hot air, resulting in a vacuum ). There is also a specific bloodletting device called scarificator , which is used primarily in 19th century medicine. It has a spring mechanism with a gear that breaks the blades out through the crack in the front cover and back, in a circular motion. The casing is brass, and steel mechanism and blades. A bar-knife gear has slipped a tooth, turning the blade in a different direction than the one on the other. Recent photos and diagrams show depth adjustment bars on the back and sides.
Leeches can also be used. Withdrawing so much blood to induce syncope (fainting) is considered beneficial, and many sessions will only end when the patient begins to faint.
William Harvey denied the basis of practice in 1628, and the introduction of scientific medicine, la mÃÆ' Â © thode numÃÆ' Â © rique , allowed Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis to show that the process of bleeding is entirely ineffective in the treatment of pneumonia. and various fevers in the 1830s. Nevertheless, in 1838, a lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians would still declare that "bloodshed is a drug which, when employed wisely, is almost impossible to estimate too high", and Louis is undermined by Broussais sanguinary, who can recommend leeches fifty at a time. Some doctors rejected the work of Louis because they were "unprepared to throw away the therapies" validated by their own traditions and experiences taking into account the number of others. "
Bloodletting is used to treat almost any disease. One British medical text recommends bloodletting for acne, asthma, cancer, cholera, coma, seizures, diabetes, epilepsy, gangrene, gout, herpes, indigestion, madness, jaundice, leprosy, ophthalmia, plague, pneumonia, scabies, smallpox, stroke, tetanus, tuberculosis, and for several hundred other diseases. Bloodletting is even used to treat most forms of bleeding such as nosebleeds, excessive menstruation, or haemorrhoid hemorrhage. Before surgery or at the time of delivery, blood is removed to prevent inflammation. Before amputation, it is customary to remove the amount of blood that is equal to the amount believed to be circulating in the branch to be removed.
There is also the theory that bloodshed will heal "hurt" and "heartbreak". A French doctor, Jacques Ferrand wrote a book in 1623 on the use of bloodshed to heal a broken heart. He recommends bloodshed to the point of heart failure (literal).
Leeches became very popular in the early nineteenth century. In the 1830s, the French imported some forty million leeches per year for medical purposes, and within the next decade, the British imported six million leeches per year from France alone. During the early decades of this century, hundreds of millions of leeches were used by doctors across Europe.
Bloodletting is also popular in the young United States, where Benjamin Rush (signatory to the Declaration of Independence) sees the state of the arteries as a key disease, recommending a high bloodbath rate even for the time being. George Washington was asked to bleed after he developed a throat infection from exposure to the weather. Within ten hours, a total of 124-126 ounces (3.75 liters) of blood was withdrawn before his death from a throat infection in 1799.
One reason for the continuing popularity of bloodshed (and cleansing) is that, while the knowledge of anatomy, surgical and diagnostic skills increased remarkably in Europe from the 17th century, the key to curing illness remains elusive, and the underlying belief is that it is better to provide any treatment other than nothing. The psychological benefits of bloodshed to the patient (the placebo effect) can sometimes outweigh the physiological problems it causes. Bloodletting slowly lost support during the 19th century, after the French physician Dr. Pierre Louis conducted an experiment in which he studied the effects of bloodshed on pneumonia patients. A number of other ineffective or harmful treatments are available as placebo - mesmerism, a variety of processes involving new electrical technologies, many herbs, tonics, and herbs. However, the bloodshed continued throughout the 19th century in part because it was available to people of socioeconomic status.
Possibility of validity
In the absence of other treatments, bloodshed is actually beneficial in some circumstances, including hemochromatosis, an excess fluid of heart failure, and perhaps just to reduce blood pressure. In other cases, such as those involving agitation, a drop in blood pressure may appear to be beneficial because of the sedative effect. In 1844, Joseph Pancoast noted the advantages of bloodshed in "A Treatise on Operative Surgery". Not all these reasons are outrageous at the moment:
The opening of the superficial vessels to take blood is one of the most common operations of practitioners. The main result, which we influence, is the first. Reduced blood mass, in which the excess or larger capillary blood vessels of some affected part may be reduced; 2. Modification of strength and frequency of heart action; 3. Changes in blood composition, making it less stimulating; serum proportions become elevated after bleeding, as a result of being reproduced with greater facilities than other elements of blood; 4. Production of syncope, for the purpose of affecting the sudden general relaxation of the system; and, 5. The derivation, or image as expected, the circulating power of some internal organs, leading to an open outlet of the superficial vessel. This indication can be fulfilled by opening blood vessels or arteries.
Controversy and usage into the 20th century
Bloodletting gradually declined in popularity during the 19th century, becoming somewhat rare in many places, before its validity was completely disputed. In the Edinburgh medical community, the bloodshed was abandoned in practice before being challenged in theory, a contradiction highlighted by doctor-physiologist John Hughes Bennett. Authorities such as Austin Flint I, Hiram Corson, and William Osler became major supporters of bloodshed in the 1880s onwards, denied Bennett's view that bloodshed has become unused for no success. These proponents framed the bloodshed as orthodox medical practice, to be used regardless of general unpopularity. Some doctors consider bloodletting useful for more limited purposes, such as to "cleanse" infected or weak blood or its ability to "cause a stop hegemestase" - as evidenced in a call for "fair trial for blood." - settled as a drug "in 1871.
Some researchers use statistical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment to prevent bloodshed. But at the same time, publications by Philip Pye-Smith and others defended the massacre for scientific reasons.
Bloodletting survived into the 20th century and was recommended in the 1923 edition of The Principles and Practice of Medicine. This textbook was originally written by Sir William Osler and continues to be published in a new edition under a new author after the death of Osler in 1919.
Phlebotomy
Today it is well established that bloodshed is not effective for most illnesses. Indeed, it's mostly dangerous, because it can weaken the patient and facilitate the infection. Bloodletting is used today in the treatment of several diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia; However, this rare disease is unknown and can not be diagnosed before the advent of scientific medicine. This is practiced by practitioners who are specially trained in hospitals, using modern techniques. In most cases, phlebotomy now refers to the removal of small blood counts for diagnostic purposes. However, in the case of hemochromatosis, which is now recognized as the most common hereditary disorder in the European population, venesection has become a major treatment option. In the US, according to an academic article posted in the Journal of Infusion Nursing with data published in 2010, the main use of phlebotomy is to take blood that will someday be re-infected back into someone. This person was chosen not to be established at the time of the procedure, but this is possible.
In alternative medicine
Although bloodshed as a public health measure has proved dangerous, it is still often indicated for various conditions in Chinese Ayurvedic, Unani and traditional Chinese medicine alternatives. Unani is based on a form of humorism, and therefore in that system, bloodshed is used to correct humoral imbalances.
See also
- Hijama
- Fire Cup
- Alternative medicine
- Bloodstopping
- Blood donor
- Hematology
- Medical history
- Trending
- Humorism
- Fleams
- Barber's Pole
- Panacea
References
Book quoted
- Carter, K. Codell; Barbara R. Carter (February 1, 2005). Fever for hours. The scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis . Transaction Publisher. ISBN: 978-1-4128-0467-7.
- Carter, K. Codell (2012). Decrease in Therapeutic Bloodletting and Collapse of Traditional Medicine . New Brunswick & amp; London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN: 978-1-4128-4604-2.
- Kang, Lydia; Nate Pederson (2017). Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Way to Cure Everything . Workman Publisher Company.
Further reading
- McGrew, Roderick. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985), brief history pp 32-34
External links
- Bloodletting Artifacts from the Waring Historical Library collection, MUSC
- The History and Development of Bloodletting
- Medical Antiques: Scarification and Bleeding
- Images of antique bloodshed instruments
- PBS Red Gold: The Story of Blood
- A large collection of antique bloodshed instruments
- "Breathing a Vein" phisick.com 14 Nov 2011
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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