steering wheel (also called drive wheel or hand wheel ) is a type of steering control on vehicles and ships (boats and boats).
Steering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-produced cars, as well as buses, light and heavy trucks, as well as tractors. The steering wheel is part of the steering system manipulated by the driver; the remainder of the steering system responds to the driver input. This can be done through direct mechanical contacts such as in circulating ball or rack and pinion steering gear, without or with the help of hydraulic power steering, HPS, or as in some modern production cars with the help of computer-controlled motors known as Electric Power Drivers.
Video Steering wheel
Histori
Near the beginning of the 18th century, a large number of marine vessels appeared using ship wheel designs, but historians were unclear when the approach to steering was first used. The first car was steered by steering, but in 1894 Alfred Vacheron took part in the Paris-Rouen race with the Panhard 4Ã, hp model he attached to the steering wheel. It is believed to be one of the earliest principles of this principle.
From 1898, the car Panhard et Levassor was equipped as standard with steering wheel. Charles Rolls introduced the first car in the UK equipped with a steering wheel when he imported 6 hp Panhard from France in 1898. Arthur Constantin Krebs replaced the steering wheel with a tilted steering wheel for the Panhard car he designed for Paris Paris-Amsterdam-1898 race that lasted 7-13 July 1898.
In 1898, Thomas B. Jeffery and his son, Charles T. Jeffery, developed two sophisticated experimental cars featuring front-mounted engines, and steering wheels mounted on the left side. However, early car makers adopted a more conventional "rear-wheel" engine and steering layout for the first mass ramblers produced in 1902. The following year, Rambler Model E was largely unchanged, except that it came equipped with early seedlings in the year but with a steering wheel at the end of 1903. In 1904, all Ramblers displayed the steering wheel. Within a decade, the steering wheel completely replaced the steering wheel in the car.
At the urging of Thomas B. Jeffery, the driver's position was also transferred to the left side of the car during the production of Rambler in 1903. Most other car makers began to offer cars with left movers in 1910. Soon after, most cars in the US were converted to left-hand drive.
Maps Steering wheel
Passenger car
The steering wheel for passenger cars is generally circular, and mounted to the steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of the wheel with one or more spokes (single spoke wheel becomes a rather rare exception). Other types of vehicles may use circular designs, butterfly shapes, or other shapes. In countries where the car has to drive on the left side of the road, the steering wheel is usually on the right side of the car (right drive or RHD); The converse applies in countries where the car is driving on the right side of the road (left drive or LHD).
In addition to its use at the wheel, the steering wheel is the usual location for the button to activate the car horn. Modern cars may have other controls, such as shipping controls, audio systems and telephone controls, and paddle shifters, mounted on the steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver must let go of their hands from the wheel.
Steering wheel is rigid and mounted on a non-foldable steering column. This setting increases the risk of impaling the driver in case of severe damage. The first multiplied steering column was discovered in 1934 but never successfully marketed. In 1956, Ford came out with a safety rudder mounted high on a pole with fingers that would bend, but the column was still stiff. In 1968, United States regulations (FMVSS Standard No. 204) were implemented on the rear steering movement that was acceptable in the event of an accident. Foldable steering columns are required to meet that standard.
Power steering gives the driver an easier way in which the car's steering can be achieved. Modern power steering is almost universally dependent on hydraulic systems, although electrical systems continue to replace this technology. Mechanical power steering systems (eg, Studebaker, 1952) have been found, but their weight and complexity negate the benefits they provide.
While other methods of steering passenger cars have been generated from experiments, for example the "wrist-twist" steering in the 1965 Mercury Park Lane concept car is controlled by two 5 inch rings (127 mm), none has yet been deployed as successful as a conventional large wheel drive.
The passenger car regulations adopted by the US Department of Transportation require that the steering wheel's rotation (or transmission locked in "park") be locked to inhibit the theft of motor vehicles; in most vehicles, this is done when the ignition is removed from the ignition. See the steering wheel.
Other designs
The driver's seat, and therefore the steering wheel, is located in the center of high-performance sports cars, such as the McLaren F1, and in the majority of single-seat racing cars.
As a driver may have his hands on the wheel for hours at this time is designed with ergonomics in mind. However, the most important is that the driver can effectively deliver the torque to the steering system; this is very important in a vehicle without power steering or in rare instances of lost steering assistance. The typical design for a circular steering wheel is a steel or magnesium rim with a plastic or rubber handle formed on it. Some drivers buy vinyl or textile steering wheel cover to enhance grip or comfort, or just as an ornament. Another device that is used to make steering easier is the brodie button.
The similar device on the plane is the yoke. Uncertified water boats from hard-fitting puppies are directed to ship wheels, which may have inspired the concept of the steering wheel. The steering wheel is better than other user interfaces and has persisted because driving requires proper feedback that only comes from a large interface.
Early Formula One cars use steering wheels taken directly from the street car. They are usually made of wood (requiring the use of driving gloves), and in the absence of packaging constraints, they tend to be as large diameter as possible, to reduce the effort required to turn. As the car grew lower and the cockpit narrowed throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the steering wheel became smaller, thus matching the more compact space available.
The radius on the steering wheel
The number of radius on the steering wheel keeps changing. Most early cars have four-spoke steering wheels.
Banjo Steering Wheel is an option on many early cars. Banjo Wheels precedes power steering. The radius of the wire is a buffer or absorber between the driver's hand and the road drum. Most are 3 or 4 fingers made of four or five wires in each spoke, hence the name "Banjo".
Customizable steering wheel
- Tilt wheel
- The original tilt wheel was developed by Edward James Lobdell in the early 1900s. The 7-position tilt wheel was introduced by Saginaw General Motors Division in 1963 for all passenger car divisions except Chevrolet which received the tilting wheel in 1964. The tilt wheel is also supplied to other US manufacturers (except Ford). Originally was a luxury option on the car, the tilt function helped set the steering wheel by moving the wheel through the arc in the up and down motion. The Tilt Steering Wheel depends on the ratchet connection located on the steering column just under the wheel. By releasing the ratchet lock, the wheels can be set up or down while the steering column remains stationary under the connection. Some designs place the pivot slightly forward along the columns, allowing for quite a lot of vertical movement of the steering wheel with a slight slope, while other designs place the pivot almost inside the wheel, allowing adjustment of the steering angle with almost no change in height.
- Adjustable steering column
- In contrast, adjustable steering columns allow the height of the steering wheel to be adjusted only with small changes useful in slope. Most of these systems work with compression keys or electric motors rather than ratchet mechanisms; the latter may be able to move to a memorized position when the driver is given by car, or move forward and forward to enter or exit.
- Telescope wheel
- Many pre-war British cars offer the telescopic steering wheel necessary to loosen locks before adjustment, many using the ASSU (Manageable Steering Wheel). In 1949, the Jaguar XK120 introduced a new steering wheel supplied by Bluemel that could be tailored to the driver simply by loosening the arms around the column by hand. The 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird has a similar design with 3 inches of total travel. In 1956, travel was limited to 2 inches. A patent was filed on the helm of telescoping in July 1942 by Bernard Maurer of the Saginaw Equipment Steering Division of General Motors (now Nexteer Automotive), but GM would not offer their own telescoping wheels until its inclined/wheeled telescope debut was offered as an option in 1965 Cadillac. The GM column is released by rotating the locking ring around the central hub, and offers a 3-inch adjustment range.
- Swing-away Steering
- Introduced in 1961 Ford Thunderbird, and available on other Ford products throughout the 1960s, the Swing-away steering wheel allows the steering wheel to move nine inches to the right when the transmission selector is in the Park, making the driver's entrance and exit easier. â € <â € <
- Leaning steering wheel
- Introduced by Ford in 1967 after an update to the requirements of the Federal Vehicle Safety Standard. Although it is an update on the swing-away steering wheel, which does not meet the latest security standards, it offers unlimited motion but adds convenience due to its automatic pop-over functionality over its predecessor.
- Rapid hub wheel release
- Some steering wheels can be mounted on a removable hub, the fast-release hub. The steering wheel can then be removed without using the tool, simply by pressing a button. This system is widely used in narrow racing cars, to facilitate the driver in and out, and in other cars as well, as an anti-theft device.
Usage
The steering wheel should be used with the strategic movements of the hand and wrist in a rotating motion. Attention and care should be used to ensure the safety of the extremities. The constant movement used should be done with care. "The proper posture of the arm system when using hand tools is very important, as a rule, the wrist should not be bent, but it must be straight to avoid tissue fatigue such as tendon and tendon sheath and compression of nerves and blood vessels.
The act of twisting the steering wheel when the stationary vehicle is called the dry steering wheel. It is generally advised to avoid dry driving because it puts pressure on the steering mechanism and causes unused tires.
Buttons and controls on the steering wheel
The first button that is added to the steering wheel is a switch to activate the car's electric horn. Traditionally located on the hub of the steering wheel or middle pad, the horn switch is sometimes placed on the fingers or activated through a decorative horn ring which avoids having to move the hand from the rim. Electrical connections are made through a slip ring. The next development, Rim Blow steering wheel, unites horns that move to the steering wheel.
In 1966, Ford offered the Speed ​​Pilot Speed ​​Control Option, with a steering wheel switch mounted on the steering wheel, at Thunderbird. Uniquely, Thunderbird also lightly applies the brakes and lights the stoplight when Retard is continuously pressed with the shipping control, but not involved.
In 1974, Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to enable various cruise control functions at Continental and Continental Mark IV. In 1988, Pontiac offers a 12-button steering wheel that controls various audio functions on Trans-Am, 6000 STE and Bonneville. In the 1990s, new button proliferation began to appear on the steering wheel of the car. Remote or alternate adjustments may include vehicle audio navigation, telephone, and voice navigation. Frequently scrolling wheels or buttons are used to adjust the volume level or page through menus, change radio stations or audio tracks. These controls may use a universal, wired or wireless interface.
Imitation games
Game controllers are available for arcade cabinets, personal computers, and console games designed to look and feel like steering wheel and are intended for use in racing games. The cheapest unit is a rowing controller with larger wheels, but many gaming wheels also use force feedback to simulate the touch feedback felt by the real driver of the steering wheel.
See also
- Dry wheel
- Remote control
- Right and left traffic
Note
External links
- Media related to Steering in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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